AP Biology
What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
The mitochondrion
What is the maximum number of bonds carbon can form.
4 Bonds
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To regulate bodily functions through hormone secretion.
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
What is the principle of "do no harm" in medical ethics called?
Non-maleficence.
What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
To produce glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Define electronegativity and name the most electronegative element.
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
What is the function of the cochlea in the auditory system?
The cochlea converts sound vibrations into neural signals.
What is the main structural difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA has ribose sugar and uracil (U) instead of deoxyribose sugar and thymine (T).
What is informed consent?
The process in which a patient is given all necessary information about a treatment, including risks and benefits, and voluntarily agrees to proceed.
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
It unwinds the DNA double helix, creating replication forks.
What is the molarity of a solution containing 2 moles of solute in 1 kg of water?
2 M (molar) Molarity (M) = mols of solute (m) over liter (L) of solution. Density of water is 1 kg/L so the Liters is equal to 1. 2 mol / 1 L = 2 M
Which photoreceptor in the retina are responsible for color vision?
Cones
What type of bond holds complementary base pairs together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds.
A doctor refuses to treat a patient because they cannot pay. Which ethical principle is being violated?
Justice (fair treatment and access to healthcare).
Describe the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition in enzymes.
Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing substrate binding. Non-competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing activity.
According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, how will increasing pressure affect the equilibrium of the reaction:
N2(g)+3H2(g)⇌2NH3 (g)
The equilibrium will shift to the right, favoring ammonia (NH₃) production, because fewer gas molecules are on the product side.
Name two hormones secreted by the pancreas and their functions in terms of blood sugar.
Insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).
Daily Double: What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA synthesis.
Topoisomerase prevents DNA coils from bunching up together, as helicase moves
Explain the ethical dilemma of physician-assisted suicide and the principles that come into conflict.
The dilemma arises between autonomy (patient’s right to choose death) and non-maleficence (doctor’s duty to do no harm).
Daily Double: What are the three post-transcriptional modifications that occur in eukaryotic mRNA before translation?
Addition of a 5’ cap, splicing of introns, and addition of a poly-A tail.
Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride in aqueous solution.
Ag+(aq)+Cl−(aq)→ AgCl(s)
Daily double: Explain the pathway of light through the eye leading to vision perception in the brain.
Light enters through the cornea → passes through the pupil → lens focuses light onto the retina → photoreceptors (rods and cones) detect light → optic nerve transmits signals to the occipital lobe of the brain.
Describe the steps of DNA replication, including the roles of helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase.
1. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template strands.
3. Ligase seals gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
A patient refuses life-saving treatment due to religious beliefs. What ethical principle allows them to make this decision?
Autonomy, which grants patients the right to make their own medical decisions, even if it results in harm to themselves.