ANATOMY
The nerve that supplies the serratus anterior muscle. Injury to this results in a characteristic called “winged scapula.”
A. Axillary nerve
B. Long thoracic nerve
C. Dorsal scapular nerve
D. Suprascapular nerve
Give the formula for cardiac output (CO).
A. HR + BP
B. BP / HR
C. BP - SV
D. SV x HR
D. SV x HR
This drug is used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (Ach).
A. Atropine
B. Neostigmine
C. Rocuronium
D. Succinylcholine
B. Neostigmine
The primitive reflex in infants that causes them to extend their arms and legs when startled typically appears at birth and disappears by 4–6 months.
A. Moro reflex
B. Babinski reflex
C. Rooting reflex
D. Grasp reflex
A. Moro reflex
This type of anemia is characterized by microcytic hypochromic red cells, low ferritin, and response to oral iron therapy.
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Thalassemia
C. Aplastic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
A. Iron deficiency anemia
This is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, which opens into the second portion of the duodenum to deliver bile and pancreatic secretions.
A. Ampulla of Vater
B. Cystic duct
C. Hepatic duct
D. Pancreatic ampulla
A. Ampulla of Vater
The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubules.
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Insulin
D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Aldosterone
This class of drugs increases cardiac contractility by inhibiting sodium-potassium ATPase pump, and is commonly used in patients with heart failure.
A. Beta blockers
B. Calcium channel blockers
C. Cardiac glycosides
D. ACE inhibitors
C. Cardiac glycosides
A 30-week gestational age infant is born, and the neonatologist wants to determine if the baby is small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Which growth chart is most appropriate to use?
A. WHO chart
B. Fenton chart
C. Lubchenko chart
D. BMI chart
C. Lubchenko chart
This condition is caused by chronic H. pylori infection or NSAID use, presenting with epigastric pain that improves with meals.
A. Gastritis
B. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
C. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
D. Pancreatitis
B. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Name the bony prominence on the lateral surface of the femur where the gluteus medius inserts; it is clinically palpable during hip exams.
A. Lesser trochanter
B. Intertrochanteric crest
C. Greater trochanter
D. Lateral epicondyle
C. Greater trochanter
A patient has easy bruising and prolonged bleeding. Laboratory shows prolonged PT and aPTT. Which clotting factor deficiency is most likely?
A. Factor VIII
B. Factor X
C. Factor V
D. Factor XII
B. Factor X
Furosemide is commonly prescribed for patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease to help reduce fluid overload and relieve symptoms such as swelling and shortness of breath. Although it is very effective at increasing urine output, it can lead to ___ that requires monitoring during therapy. What is the most common adverse effect of furosemide?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
According to the 2025 Philippine childhood immunization schedule (PCIS), at what ages is the Hepatitis B vaccine routinely given to healthy infants?
A. Birth, 1 month, 6 months
B. 2, 4, 6 months
C. Birth only
D. 6 and 12 months
A. Birth, 1 month, 6 months
A 52-year-old woman presents with progressively tightening skin on her fingers and forearms, intermittent fingertip color changes when exposed to cold, and recent onset of shortness of breath. Pulmonary function tests reveal restrictive pattern and reduced diffusion capacity. She reports occasional heartburn and difficulty swallowing.
What is the diagnosis?
A. Lupus
B. Systemic sclerosis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Dermatomyositis
B. Systemic sclerosis
During a digital rectal exam, a physician palpates the prostate gland. Which specific lobe of the prostate is most commonly the site of origin for prostatic carcinoma?
A. Anterior lobe
B. Posterior lobe
C. Median lobe
D. Lateral lobe
B. Posterior lobe
This refers to the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation:
A. Residual volume (RV)
B. Functional residual capacity (FRC)
C. Vital capacity (VC)
D. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
B. Functional residual capacity (FRC)
A 28-year-old woman with a history of bipolar I disorder presents for initiation of a mood stabilizer after a recent manic episode characterized by elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, and impulsivity. She has no current depressive symptoms, but she has experienced 3 prior manic episodes and 2 depressive episodes over the past 6 years.
A. Valproic acid
B. Carbamazepine
C. Lithium
D. Diazepam
C. Lithium
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with sudden onset of intermittent, severe abdominal pain, during which the child cries and draws the knees up to the chest. The parents also report stools mixed with blood and mucus, resembling currant jelly. On physical examination, a sausage-shaped mass is palpable in the right abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Appendicitis
B. Intussusception
C. Pyloric stenosis
D. Gastroenteritis
B. Intussusception
A 35-year-old woman presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, and gradual weight gain over the past 6 months. She also notes dry skin and hair thinning. On examination, her thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged, firm, and non-tender. Laboratory studies show elevated TSH and low free T4. Further testing reveals high titers of anti–thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies.
What is the diagnosis?
A. Graves disease
B. Hashimoto’s disease
C. Subacute thyroiditis
D. Goiter
B. Hashimoto’s disease
Name the four muscles that constitute the "Rotator Cuff," which provides dynamic stability to the glenohumeral joint.
A. Deltoid, Teres Major, Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus
B. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
C. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Major, Subscapularis
D. Subscapularis, Deltoid, Teres Minor, Latissimus Dorsi
B. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
A patient complains of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Laboratory evaluation shows high serum sodium and very low urine osmolarity. Which defect in renal water handling is most likely?
A. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Diabetes insipidus
A 52-year-old obese man with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 8.5%) is started on a first-line oral medication that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity without directly increasing insulin secretion.
Which drug is being described?
A. Glipizide
B. Metformin
C. Pioglitazone
D. Insulin
B. Metformin
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic because of 3 days of swelling around the eyes and ankles and dark brown urine. He denies dysuria or fever. Two weeks earlier, he had a sore throat treated at home. On examination, his blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg and there is periorbital and pedal edema. Urinalysis shows microscopic hematuria with red blood cell casts and mild proteinuria. Laboratory studies reveal mildly elevated serum creatinine, low complement C3 with normal C4, and an elevated ASO titer.
What is the diagnosis?
A. Minimal change disease
B. IgA nephropathy
C. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
D. Nephrotic syndrome
C. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
A 68-year-old man presents with progressively worsening shortness of breath over 2 years, now limiting him to one flight of stairs. He has a chronic daily morning cough producing small amounts of clear to white sputum. He has a 45 pack-year smoking history and continues to smoke.
On exam, oxygen saturation is 91%, he is slightly tachypneic, and has a barrel chest. Lung auscultation shows prolonged expiratory phase, diminished breath sounds, and diffuse end-expiratory wheezes. Chest X-ray shows hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragms, and widened retrosternal space. Pulmonary function tests reveal FEV1/FVC 0.55, FEV1 60% predicted, TLC 120% predicted.
What is the diagnosis?
A. Asthma
B. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
C. Pneumonia
D. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)