States of Matter
State what the Kinetic Particle Theory says.
Kinetic Particle Theory states that all matter consists of small particles (atoms) that are constantly in motion.
Alternative: All matter is made up of small particles that are always moving, arranged differently in accordance to their state.
- Answer must at least resemble either on a fundamental level.
State one property of water.
High Specific Heat Capacity
Cohesion/Adhesion
High Surface Tension
Crystalline/Lattice Structure
Universal Solvent
List all types of chemical bonds.
Must have all to be correct:
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Illustrate a labeled diagram containing the anatomy of an oxygen atom.
An oxygen atom's atomic number is 8.
Must contain two to be correct:
Labeled
Shows nucleus
Shows electrons
Identify the energy level of particles during each phase of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
Must include all three:
Solids have the least energy.
Liquids have more energy than solid; less than gases
Gases have the most energy.
Identify what type of chemical bond is most prevalent when discussing properties of water.
Hydrogen Bonds
Identify whether the donation of electrons is a characteristic of covalency or ionic bonding.
Bonus: Explain how the byproduct from your answer reveals the correct answer.
Bonus (Explain): Ionic bonding creates ions, atoms that have lost/gained an electron. Covalent bonds are incapable of creating ions, as electrons aren't donated in covalency.
Define cohesion.
Cohesion is simply the tendency for water molecules to be attracted to other water molecules.
Describe the arrangement/characteristics of atoms in a solid.
Must include at least two of these:
Fast, vibrating particles
Closely arranged/knit together
In a fixed pattern
Explain why the polarity of water molecules makes water a "universal solvent."
Answer must follow logic of this to be correct:
The polarity of water molecules (the oxygen atom being partially negative and hydrogen atoms being partially positive) lets them dismantle ionic compounds into their individual ions by luring out both potentially negative/positive charges from ions.
Explain why water molecules are polar.
Must include one to be correct:
Simple - Oxygen atom is partially negative, hydrogen atom partially positive
Complex - Oxygen possesses more electrons than hydrogen atoms, causing their covalency to form an uneven attraction (oxygen is more attracted than the hydrogen atoms); makes hydrogen partially positive, oxygen partially negative
Identify what charge an ion that had lost an electron would have.
Suggest why gases have the most kinetic energy out of the three phases of matter. Include the movement of particles in your answer.
Must include at least one of these to be correct:
Particles in gases possess the most kinetic movement out of the three phases of matter
Mentions evaporation; goes from liquid (higher than solid) to an even higher level
Gases are free/less restrained
Gases are only achieved through energetic increases while liquids and solids can be achieved through energetic decreases
Identify the most relevant property of water for plants and explain how it affects photosynthesis.
Must have both to be correct:
States capillary action; adhesion.
Enables water to flow up through adhesion, facilitating the upward movement of water through roots and providing necessary water for photosynthesis.
Scientists gather two atoms for observation. One atom (metal) has seven valence electrons in its outermost shell. The other atom (non-metal) has one valence electron in its outermost shell.
Identify whether the bond between these two atoms would be ionic or covalent. Explain.
Atom "A" has seven electrons, while Atom "B" has one electron.
Atom "A" needs one more to fulfill an octet, while Atom "B" needs seven more to fulfill an octet.
As a result, Atom "B" would ideally donate their valence electron to lose a ring and stabilize. Atom "A" would receive this electron, fulfilling their octet and becoming stable.
The mention of one metal and one non-mental also hints to an ionic bond, as covalency is usually found when both are non-metals.
Explain how water striders (an insect that runs on water) would benefit from water's high surface tension.
Surface tension allows for the water striders to not fall into the water; stay afloat.
For evaporation: happens because liquid gains energy; possesses faster, random movement that causes them to lose their form/density and expand
For condensation: happens because liquids lose energy, becoming more compact and losing the fast movement that lets them expand
For melting: happens because solid gains energy, causing random movement that removes their fixed pattern, causing the atoms to displace and form around surfaces rather than maintain a structure
For freezing: happens because liquids lose energy, undoing the displacement of atoms and becoming more compact, allowing for a fixed pattern and gaining more form unaffected by terrain
State the primary property of ice, describe the structure of its formation and explain why this would be important in areas containing marine life that are prone to freezing winters.
Must describe at least one: lattice structures, water expands when freezing
Must explain: ice only forms on the surface and floats, insulating bottom and preventing whole body of water from freezing over
Illustrate a diagram of bond formation between two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. Use the Lewis Dot Structure style for your diagram.
Must contain both to be correct:
Covalent bond
Correctly uses Lewis Dot Technique
FINAL JEOPARDY
Describe ionic bonding in NaCl (Sodium Chloride) and the exchange of electrons. Illustrate a Lewis Dot Structure diagram demonstrating the bond.
Na (Sodium) atomic #: 11
Cl (Chlorine) atomic #: 17
- Chlorine atom needs one more electron for octet.
- Sodium needs one less electron for octet.
- Atoms attract to each other; Na donates electron to Cl
- Na loses shell to have full octet [+], Cl gains electron to have full octet [-]
Diagram must represent this using Lewis Dot Structure.