Ch 7: Thinking & Intelligence
Give an example of a concept with 3 different prototypes.
Concept → Fruit
Prototypes → Apples, pears, and grapes
Which issue out of the 4 issues in developmental psychology does NOT belong? What is the missing issue?
(1) Continuous/discontinuous: Is development continuous or discontinuous?
(2) Universal/individual: Is there one course of development or many?
(3) Nature/nurture: How do nature and nurture influence development?
(4) Context/Culture: How do social and cultural contexts influence development?
INCORRECT: Context/Culture: How do social and cultural contexts influence development?
CORRECT: Stability/change: Do we change or stay the same?
From the bustling cafeteria to the quiet library corners, Mike the Tiger was always fascinated by how people interacted. He would spend hours people-watching and intrigued by the subtle shifts in body language and conversation.
(Intrapersonal or interpersonal)?
Interpersonal
Tip: (“INTER”personal → INTER themselves in other people’s business)
You're in a debate about what counts as "music." One person argues that even random sounds like clapping or raindrops should count, while another says music must have melody and rhythm.
You both are attempting to define a/an ________. [Word bank: Prototype, Artificial Concept, Natural Concept]
Natural Concept
Give an example of an activity a toddler can do to work on their fine motor skills and large motor skills.
Fine motor skills: Coloring within the lines, tying a shoe, and using scissors
Gross motor skills: Playing kickball, Baby yoga, and pouring milk in cereal
You're reading a mystery novel. You expect that there will be a crime, like a theft or a murder, and a detective who tries to solve it by gathering clues and interviewing suspects. There will be twists and turns until the mystery is finally solved.
Does this scenario describe an event or role schema?
Event Schema
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? [Word bank: Embryo, Fetus, Zygote]
Zygote Embryo, Fetus (Zombie Eats Food when pregnant)
Larry claims he’s on a strict diet and says junk food is bad for his health. However, he accidentally orders a double cheeseburger with extra bacon instead of a salad. After taking a big bite, he tells himself, "This isn’t cheating; it’s just a temporary setback!" As he wipes barbecue sauce off his chin, he decides that "calories don’t count on weekends."
What term describes the inconsistency between Larry’s attitude, behavior, and thoughts?
Cognitive dissonance
Ever since she was a child, Emily had a habit of retreating into her thoughts, finding solace in introspection. Whether it was sitting by the window, lost in her musings, or journaling her deepest thoughts late at night, she was always drawn to exploring her inner world
(Intrapersonal or interpersonal)?
Intrapersonal.
TIP: (in“TRAP”ersonal) → trapped in my feelings
After getting an A+ on her final exam, Sarah tells her friends, “I studied really hard, and that’s why I did well!” However, when she gets a bad grade on a paper, she complains, “The teacher just doesn’t understand my ideas!”
What concept is Sarah demonstrating by attributing her success to her own efforts and her failure to external factors?
Self-Serving Bias
During a language development workshop, the instructor emphasizes the importance of proper sentence formation. She explains that specific rules govern how words should be arranged to convey clear meaning.
What linguistic concept refers to the rules that govern the arrangement of words to form grammatically correct sentences?
Syntax
What is the strange situation, and who was the psychologist who examined the experiment? What did they identify?
Mary Ainsworth.
Identified styles of attachment: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant/Ambivalent, Disorganized
Jamie arrived late to a crucial team meeting at work. When asked why they were late, Jamie explained that they had been stuck in unexpected traffic due to an accident on the highway. However, some coworkers speculated that Jamie was late because they often mismanaged their time and did not leave early enough to account for potential delays.
What type of attribution are the coworkers making about Jamie's lateness: dispositional or situational?
Coworker → Dispositional
Jamie → Situational
A high school teacher observes that one of her students excels in standardized testing and consistently performs well in academic competitions. This student shows a strong ability to reason logically, solve puzzles, and understand complex mathematical concepts, often impressing the teacher with their analytical skills and understanding of theoretical concepts.
What type of intelligence from Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory is primarily demonstrated by this student?
Analytical intelligence
Define and give an example of Anchoring Bias.
Hyperfocus on one piece of information and ignore the rest
Example: A girl was excited when a boy called her “pretty,” but he actually said “pretty annoying.”
A software engineer needs to debug a complicated piece of code. Instead of going through each line one by one, they quickly identify the most likely areas where errors might occur based on past experiences and common coding mistakes. They focus their attention on those areas first before looking at the entire codebase.
What problem-solving strategy is the engineer using in this scenario?
Heuristic
After being diagnosed with a serious illness, Sarah starts thinking, "If I can just make it through this, I promise to exercise more and eat healthier." She hopes that making promises will change her situation. What stage of grief is Sarah experiencing?
Bargaining
Tom asks for a new game controller, then later requests the gaming console, knowing his parents might be more likely to agree after saying yes to the smaller request. (Foot-in-the-door or Door-in-the-face)
Foot-in-the-door
Emily tends to be overly protective of her children, often shielding them from potential risks and dangers. She struggles to let them venture out on their own and prefers to keep them close. This approach may hinder her children's development of independence and autonomy.
What parenting style is Emily displaying?
Authoritarian
In a new social setting, Molly excitedly rushes to greet their parents but abruptly freezes midway, unsure whether to continue or retreat. As their caregiver approaches with a smile, the child's expression shifts to one of fear, causing them to recoil momentarily before tentatively reaching out for reassurance.
What type of Attachment style is Molly experiencing?
Disorganized Attachment
Describe the IQ Bell curve. What is the average score, gifted score, intellectual disability score, and standard deviation amount?
A normal distribution to statistically analyze intelligence scores. Average = 100,
Gifted (>130; +2 STD),
Intellectual disability (<70; -2STD),
STD = 15.
According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
Forming an identity
STAGE NAME: Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years) Experiment with and develop identity
Describe Milgram’s Obedience Study to a fourth grader.
In Milgram’s Obedience Study, a scientist named Stanley Milgram wanted to see how people follow orders. Participants, called “teachers,” were told to give electric shocks to a “learner” (who was actually an actor) whenever they got a question wrong. Even when the learner pretended to be in pain and asked to stop, many teachers continued giving shocks because the scientist told them to. This study showed that people often listen to authority figures, even when it feels wrong.
During a group project, Maria notices that one of her teammates, Jake, doesn’t contribute much. She thinks to herself, “Jake is so lazy and doesn’t care about the project.” However, she doesn’t know that Jake has been dealing with personal issues at home that are affecting his participation.
What concept is Maria demonstrating by attributing Jake's lack of contribution to his character rather than considering external factors? (Errors of attribution)
Fundamental Attribution Error
What is Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment and what did the experiment show?
College students were assigned to be either guards or prisoners in a simulated prison environment. It showed that the guards quickly became abusive and controlling, while the prisoners became passive and distressed. The study highlighted how powerful social roles and situations can influence people's actions, even leading them to behave in ways that are cruel or uncharacteristic.