DNA Replication
This term refers to the complete set of genes possessed by an organism.
What is the genome?
These specialized haploid cells, which include eggs, sperm, and pollen, contain half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells.
What are gametes?
These are the two primary steps of protein synthesis in order
What are transcription and translation?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering this specific energy barrier
What is activation energy?
These substances or environmental factors, such as UV light or certain chemicals, can increase the rate of sudden, permanent changes in DNA
What are mutagens?
This universally accepted model suggests that DNA replication results in two molecules, each with one original template strand and one new daughter strand
What is the semi-conservative model?
This term describes the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell, represented as "2n."
What is the diploid number?
This first stage of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus and uses a gene as a template to make an RNA copy
What is transcription?
This model describes enzyme specificity by comparing the enzyme to a lock and the substrate to a key that fits perfectly into it.
What is the lock and key model?
Unlike somatic mutations, these occur in the gametes and can be passed on to offspring
What are germline mutations?
This enzyme is responsible for uncoiling the DNA helix and reducing strain during the initiation phase.
What is DNA gyrase?
This process, occurring during Prophase I, involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes to create variation.
What is crossing over?
During RNA processing in eukaryotes, these noncoding regions are removed from the pre-mRNA strand
What are introns?
These types of enzymes take small molecules and join them together to build larger ones, such as during protein synthesis.
What are anabolic enzymes?
This type of mutation occurs when an additional nucleotide is added to a DNA sequence, often causing a frame shift
What is an insertion?
These are the three main stages of the DNA replication process.
What are initiation, elongation, and termination?
This phenomenon occurs when homologous pairs line up in random order during Metaphase I, resulting in over 8 million possible chromosome combinations.
What is independent assortment?
This advantage of the genetic code, also called redundancy, ensures that a misread base might still code for the same amino acid
What is degeneracy?
This type of inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, called an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape.
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
This specific "block" mutation involves a segment of genetic information being moved from one chromosome to another, changing the size of both
What is a translocation?
These unattached sections of the sugar-phosphate backbone occur in an otherwise fully-replicated DNA strand before being joined by ligase.
What are nicks?
During this specific stage of Meiosis II, the sister chromatids are finally drawn toward opposite poles of the cell.
What is Anaphase II?
This specific level of protein structure involves multiple polypeptide chains held loosely together, such as in hemoglobin
What is quaternary structure?
When an enzyme reaches approximately 40°C, it begins to unfold and stop working, a process known by this term.
What is denaturation?
This term describes a condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes, which can lead to the instantaneous formation of a new species
What is polyploidy?