Early Criminology
Who is considered the father of classical criminology and authored "On Crimes and Punishments"?
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
Which Italian criminologist introduced the idea of the "born criminal"?
Who is Cesare Lombroso?
Which Chicago School concept explains high crime in disorganized neighborhoods?
Social Disorganization Theory
What does the principle of differential association state about the frequency of criminal influences?
What is that crime is more likely when individuals are exposed to more pro-criminal definitions than anti-criminal ones?
What is the main idea behind conflict criminology?
What is that laws reflect the interests of the powerful?
Which Enlightenment idea heavily influenced early criminology?
What is rational choice or free will?
What does positivist criminology emphasize as causes of crime?
What are biological, psychological, and social factors?
Which theory introduced the idea of "subcultures of delinquency"
Cohen- Status Frustration Theory
Name two of the four elements of Hirschi's social bond.
What are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief?
Which theory focuses on how labels like “criminal” affect identity?
Labeling Theory
What key assumption did classical theorists make about human nature?
What is that humans are rational and hedonistic?
Which 19th-century theory linked skull shape to criminality?
Phrenology
According to Merton, what is the "American Dream" an example of?
A culturally approved goal
How does control theory differ from strain and learning theories?
What is that it focuses on why people conform rather than why they deviate?
Which theory asserts that crime is a result of social and economic inequality, and focuses on class struggle?
What is Marxist criminology (a form of conflict theory)?
Name one major critique of the classical school of criminology.
What is that it ignores individual differences or social context?
What biological factors have been linked to higher levels of aggression?
Testosterone
MAOA gene
XXY Chromosomal Pattern
Name one of Merton’s five modes of individual adaptation.
What is conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion?
What is meant by a “control ratio”?
What is the amount of control a person is subject to versus the control they can exert?
According to labeling theory, what does being labeled as “deviant” often lead to?
What is secondary deviance?
What are the three criteria needed for punishment to deter crime?
Swift
Certain
Severe
What body shape did Sheldon link to an increased likelihood to commit crime?
Mesomorph
Cloward and Ohlin identified three types of delinquent subcultures. Name one
What is criminal, conflict, or retreatist?
What is one critique of differential association theory?
What is that it lacks attention to individual agency or that it is difficult to empirically test?
What is the term for the initial act that may result in someone being labeled as deviant?
What is primary deviance?