Early Middle Ages
The nickname for the Early Middle Ages
The Dark Ages
Nickname for the High Middle Ages
The Age of Faith
This deadly conflict, sparked by the invention of gunpowder weapons, changed the face of late medieval warfare
Gunpowder weapons
Derived from French, this is the literal English translation of the word "Renaissance".
Rebirth
He is celebrated as the "Father of Humanism" and is famously credited with coining the phrase "The Dark Ages".
Francesco Petrarch
This is the term for a way of life entirely dedicated to religious devotion lived out in monasteries
Monasticism
Political stability grew during the High Middle Ages primarily due to the lack of these disruptive events.
Constant invasions
This devastating 14th-century environmental event stopped European agriculture and population growth dead in its tracks.
The Great Famine
his Renaissance philosophy focuses heavily on human potential, achievements, and learning.
Humanism
This legendary English King is best remembered for his military leadership during the Crusades.
Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)
This economic system was centered on entirely self-sufficient estates during the Middle Ages.
Manorialism
These are two ways a cash economy improved society over the older medieval bartering system.
Increased trade and easier for kings to collect taxes
These are the biological vectors that initially transmitted the virus causing the Black Plague, and the method by which it traveled city-to-city.
Fleas carried by rats which spread via trade routes
This European country was the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its wealth, independent cities, and Roman ruins.
Italy
This French heroine was tragically convicted of treason and heresy during the Late Middle Ages.
Joan of Arc
These are two reasons why medieval kings and lords transitioned from building wooden castles to stone ones.
Stone castles were stronger/more durable (resistant to fire/weather/attack), and stone walls were harder to break through?
These are two distinct agricultural advancements that drastically improved medieval farming output.
Three-field system, heavy plow, use of horses
These are two major long-term societal and economic effects the Black Plague had on surviving Europeans.
30-50% of the population died, labour shortages, peasants gained bargaining power, weakening of feudalism, increased fear/social unrest
These are two ways Renaissance thinking shifted how people viewed and interacted with their society.
Encouraged citizens of individual/critical thinking, advanced science/art/literature, people could read/write, weakened medieval traditions
This early reformer became famous for criticizing the Catholic Church and translating the Bible into English.
John Wycliffe
This is the core legal difference between a free peasant and a serf on a medieval manor.
Peasants were "free" and serfs were legally tied to the land
Increased food production caused rapid population growth, which in turn triggered these three major societal issues.
Shortages of land, overcrowding in cities, vulnerability to disease
These are two similarities and two differences between the historical Black Plague and the modern COVID-19 pandemic.
Similatiries: spread worldwide, caused fear, quarantine, economic disruption
Differences: Plague had a higher death rate, COVID allowed for scientific intervention (vaccines)
This specific legal dispute explains why Edward III claimed the French throne, and why the French rejected him for Philip VI.
Edward III claimed lineage through his mother
French invoked Salic Law (male lineage only) and wanted to avoid a foreign king
This is the correct pairing of the following three Renaissance individuals to their historical achievements: Gerardus Mercator, Johannes Gutenberg, and Raphael
Mercator: cartographer who projected the world's layout
Gutenberg: inventor of the printing-press
Rapheal: painted The School of Athens