Sleep Stages & Dreaming
Identification: What type of sleep is associated with vivid dreams?
REM Sleep
Multiple Choice: There are three consistent effects of sleep deprivation; which of the following is NOT one?
A. display an increase in sleepiness
B. poor motor performance
C. perform poorly on tests of sustained attention
D. display negative affect on various tests of mood
B. Poor Motor Performance
Fill in the Blanks: In terms of circadian rhythmicity, the two environments in which we live: light and ____.
Dark
Identification: This part of the hypothalamus promotes sleep when activated.
Anterior hypothalamus
True or False: Long sleepers sleep more than 10 hours.
False
Identification: This type of dreaming involves being aware that you are dreaming and sometimes controlling it.
Lucid Dreaming
True or False: We can sleep for 2-3 seconds.
True.
Microsleeps are brief periods of sleep, typically lasting 2 to 3 seconds, during which eyelids droop and the person becomes less responsive to external stimuli
Identification: Aside from being a device for telling time, it is also the name of the first mammalian circadian gene to have its molecular structure characterized.
Clock
Multiple Choice: High levels of activity in the reticular formation are associated with which state?
A. Deep sleep
B. REM sleep
C. Wakefulness
D. Coma
C. Wakefulness
Multiple Choice: Which type of sleep apnea blocks the respiratory system and commonly associated with loud snoring?
A. Obstructive sleep apnea
B. Central sleep apnea
C. None of the above
A
Identification: What is the average duration of one complete sleep cycle?
90 minutes
Multiple Choice: Which theory suggests that sleep is the result of an internal 24-hour timing mechanism designed to conserve energy and protect us from predation?
A. Adaptation theories
B. Protoconsciousness hypothesis
C. Recuperation theories
D. Activation-synthesis hypothesis
A. Adaptation theories
Identification: German term meaning "time givers" that refers to the environmental cues that can control the timing of circadian rhythms.
Zeitgebers
Modified True or False: REM sleep is produced by one specific brain structure.
False.
REM sleep is generated by a distributed network of interacting brainstem nuclei, particularly in the caudal reticular formation, not a single structure.
Analogy: Polyphasic : ________ :: Monophasic : Adult humans
Mammals and human infants
Identification: A person under extreme stress frequently dreams of being chased or attacked. This best supports which theory of dreaming?
Evolutionary Theory
Multiple Choice: According to the ________, the brain periodically switches to REM sleep when there are no immediate bodily needs (like food or water) to be taken care of, suggesting REM is more adaptive than wakefulness in those moments.
A. Activation-synthesis hypothesis
B. Evolutionary theory of dreams
C. Default theory of REM sleep
D. Recuperation theory
C. Default theory of REM sleep
Identification: The critical photoreceptors necessary for the entrainment of circadian rhythms are retinal ganglion cells. What is their photopigment?
Melanopsin
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a major complication of long-term benzodiazepine use?
A. Increased REM sleep
B. No risk of dependence
C. Reduced life expectancy
D. Permanent cure for insomnia
C. Reduced life expectancy
Identification: What neuropeptide that promotes wakefulness and stimulates arousal in the brain?
Orexin
Identification: Damage to this brain region results in loss of visual imagery in dreams.
Medial Occipital Lobe
Identification: What did the participants display during REM-sleep deprivation, wherein they had more than their usual amount of REM sleep for the first two or three nights?
REM rebound
Identification: Free-running periods are usually longer than 24 hours. What is the exact duration for humans living under constant moderate illumination?
24.2 hours
Modified True or False: Melatonin is best classified as a soporific (or strong sleep-inducing) drug. If false, identify its more accurate classification.
False.
Melatonin is better classified as a chronobiotic, meaning it adjusts circadian rhythms rather than strongly inducing sleep.
Multiple Choice: Jung Kook has been missing his dance practices for about a week due to difficulty sleeping at night, causing him to feel sleepy during the day. He then consulted a doctor and was diagnosed with insomnia. The doctor recommended the following steps of sleep restriction therapy, except:
A. Keep a sleep journal
B. Set a consistent bedtime and wake-up time
C. Take sleeping pills before bedtime
D. Stay out of bed during the day and do something else
C. Take sleeping pills before bedtime