Anatomy
State the three connective tissues
Cartilage - Tendons - Ligaments
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Outline the functions of the conducting airways
Air is warmed and moistened
Defence against chemicals and other harmful substances
Low resistance pathway for airflow
Lowers air pressure
List the macronutrients and micronutrients
Macronutrients:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Water
lipids
Micronutrients:
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
An object will remain stationary or at constant velocity until a force acts upon it.
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Acceleration=force/mass
Every action force generates an equal and opposite reaction force.
Distinguish the different types of joints
Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial
State the composition of blood
Plasma. Approx 55%
Leucocytes. Approx 1%
Erythocytes. Approx 45%
Define Gas exchange and pulmonary ventilation
Movement of co2 and o2 between alveoli and capillaries by diffusion
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
State the chemical composition of glucose molecule
c6h12o6
State the relation between Angular momentum, moment of inertia and angular velocity
Angular momentum is the result of (moment of inertia x angular velocity).
Angular momentum is kept constant because moment of inertia is inversely proportional to angular velocity.
Degrees turned over a period of time (degrees / time)
Mass of the body or object away from the axis of rotation
List the features of a synovial joint
Bursa → Sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction between tendons and ligaments.
Articular cartilage → Reduces friction
Capsule → Provides stability
Synovial membrane → Produces synovial fluid
Name the 4 vessels of the heart and its functions
Aorta=Takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary artery= Deoxygenated blood into the lungs
Pulmonary vein= Brings in oxygenated blood from the lungs
Vena cava= Supplies the heart with deoxygenated blood
Define Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity
VC--> Maximum air we can exhale after a maximum inhalation
Mention the energy content per 100 grams
carbohydrate= 1760 kj
lipids=4000 kj
proteins=1720 kj
Outline the Bernouli principle with respect to projectile motion in sports.
Air velocity is inversely proportional to to air pressure
When the air flows with a high air velocity through a surface, it exerts low air pressure.
State the different type of bones
Flat - long - short - irregular
Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate.
Provided by specialized cells in the walls of the heart, these cells produce and transmit an electrical impulse. These electrical impulses, produce cardiac muscle contractions
List the structures of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Explain the recommendations for a healthy diet
Athlete vs non-athlete.
Athlete: 55-75% carbohydrates - 20-35% lipids - 10-35% proteins and 5 liters of water
Non-athlete: 45-65% of carbohydrates - 15-30% of lipids - 10-15% of proteins and 2 liters of water
Define flexion, elevation and Supination
Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Elevation is the Rising a body part upwards
Supination is to turn the palm upwards by doing external rotation of the forearm.
List the different type of synovial joints
Hinge - Ball and socket - gliding - saddle - pivot - condyloid
Vo2 max is the maximal volume of oxygen one can transport and use.
Trained people have more vo2 max than untrained people due to cardiovascular adaptations
Men have more vo2 max than women due to higher muscle size.
Young people have more vo2 max than old people because they have a stronger and larger heart.
Explain the process of gaseous exchange in the alveoli
Blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries with a high CO2 and low O2. The alveoli after inhalation contains a high O2 and a low CO2. This difference in pressure generates the movement of O2 from the alveoli to the capillaries and CO2 from the capillaries to the alveoli by diffusion.
Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise
When glucagon or adrenaline is triggered by low blood glucose concentrations, glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) occurs in the muscle and liver tissue.
Explain the sliding theory of muscle contraction
Firstly, calcium binds to troponin regulating protein, causing tropomyosin regulating protein to expose actin binding sites. Then, ATP breaks down into ADP + P and myosin head attaches to actin, creating a cross bridge. After this, myosin head pulls actin filament closer to the m-line, and then slide over myosin filaments, causing the z-line to get closer to the m-line, making the h-zone smaller.