Child Development
What were the three patterns of attachments found in Ainsworth & Bell's 'Attachment Theory'?
BONUS: What were the percentages associated with each type?
Secure - 60%
Insecure/avoidant - 25%
Insecure/ambivalent - 15%
What is the most vital aspect of classical conditioning, and a famous experiment associated with it?
That the neutral stimulus comes before the unconditioned response. One famous experiment associated with classical conditioning is Pavlov's dog experiments.
Learning by observation begins early in life. This described the _ theory.
Imitation onset.
How is the measurement of attachment in childhood and adulthood different?
Childhood attachment is assessed through observation of behavior, whereas adulthood attachment is assessed through questionnaires associated with their relationships.
Describe what the three patterns of attachment theory are associated with.
Secure Attachment - Associated with sensitive & responsive primary care
Avoidant - Associated with unresponsive primary care. Communication of needs does not influence Mom.
Ambivalent - Associated with inconsistent primary care. Sometimes needs are met, while at other times they are ignored.
Behavior becomes more or less likely depending upon its consequences (reinforcements or punishments) from the environment.
Operant conditioning.
Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others.
The Ronald Cotton case is an example of the _ effect.
Misinformation.
List some of the ways in which you can alter your attachment style.
1. Learn to identify, honor, and assertively express your emotional needs.
2. Risk being authentic and direct. Don’t play games or try to manipulate your partner’s interest.
3. Practice acceptance of yourself and others to become less faultfinding
– a tall order for distancers.
4. Assess how you react to stimuli others find benign. This can be a challenge because our nervous system is used to reacting automatically. It often entails being able to identify your triggers.
5. Learn to self-soothe.
6. Learn to resolve conflict and compromise from a “we” perspective.
Who developed the 'strange situation task', and what did they find?
Mary Ainsworth developed the 'strange situation task'. This task focused on the child's reaction to their mother leaving and returning to determine their attachment style.
Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in the situation below.
5-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull, and then another lightning bolt. Samantha jumps in response to the bolt.
US: Thunderclap
UR: Jumping from fear of the sound
CS: Lightning bolt
CR: Jumping from fear of the sight
A child watches their parent fold the laundry. They
later pick up some clothing and imitate folding the
clothes. This is a primary example of _
Observational learning.
Name 5 of Garven's summary of skills recommended by researchers.
1. Make the child feel physically and emotionally comfortable at the beginning of the interview.
2. Convey warmth and interest in the child, both through words and nonverbal cues such as posture, eye contact, and tone of voice.
3. Use simple vocabulary and short sentences, as appropriate to the child’s age.
4. Ask open-ended questions in the early interview to encourage the child to give longer; fuller answers in his or her own words.
5. Introduce the topic of concern in as non-suggestive a way as possible.
What is an example of a positive and negative punisher in operant conditioning?
Positive: Giving students written parking warnings to increase the likelihood of them parking in designated lots.
Negative: Taking away a teenager's phone for failing to turn it off at a reasonable hour before bed.
What is the first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
HINT: Involves trust.
Babies from birth to their first year develop a sense of trust or distrust, based on whether their needs are consistently met by their caregiver.
After a rest period, an extinguished CR _, but if the CS persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes _.
Spontaneously recovers; extinction.
_ first demonstrated classical conditioning with dogs. _, worked with his assistant Rosalie Rayner and used these principles for humans in the "Little Albert" experiment to show how fears could be conditioned.
Pavlov; Watson.
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.
Forgetting.
What is an example of a positive and negative reinforcer in operant conditioning?
Positive: Praising a child for doing well on a test.
Negative: Taking cold medicine when you are feeling unwell.
Name the 3 parenting types and describe the roles of each.
Authoritarian - Parents impose rules and expect obedience.
Permissive - Parents submit to children's demands.
Authoritative - Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.
_ is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
A treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.
Systematic desensitization.
A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.
What is an example of an extinctor in operant conditioning?