Pavlov’s work being translated to English, “The Logic of Modern Physics” by Percy Bridgeman, and the written works of Watson led to the rise of this as a powerful force in psychology in the 1920’s…
What is behaviorism?
100
Tolman described the goal-directed moral behaviors such as when rats run in a maze in order to get food as this type of behavior…
What is purposive behavior?
100
This psychologist's postulate #4 states that to learn is to increase habit strength and shows that learning is incremental rather than sudden…
Who is C. Clark Hull?
100
One of the most important reasons for the fall of Hull and Tolman’s theories was the rise of this man in the field…
Who is B.F. Skinner?
100
This type of variable is not seen directly but is inferred from the manner in which the independent and dependent variables are operationally defined. (It is the unseen “middle man” between the stimulus and the response)…
What is an intervening variable?
200
The belief that learning is central to understanding behavior is a common belief of this group…
Who are the Neo-Behaviorists?
200
Edward Tolman argued that rats create these structural and spatial patterns from their mazes rather than using stimulus-response connections to know where to go…
What are cognitive maps?
200
This is defined as the probability that a response will occur at a given time and can be inferred from several kinds of measureable behaviors...
What is reaction potential?
200
B.F. Skinner's famous box experiments involving rats are an example this type of conditioning...
What is operant conditioning?
200
Neo-behaviorists believed in continuity among species so they all supported the idea that you could determine this by studying animal behavior?
What is human behavior?
300
This way of thinking distinguished between theoretical and observable events and described ways of connecting the two through operational definitions…
What is logical positivism?
300
This theory by Tolman proposed that the brain is more like a “map control room” than it is a telephone switchboard like the stimulus-response model…
What is the field theory?
300
Hull shared the hypothetico-deductive system with this other neo-behaviorist even though they disagreed on almost everything else…
Who is Edward Tolman?
300
Mimicking Pavlov’s classical conditioning, Skinner stated that this is what takes place when reinforcement for a specific behavior is withheld…
What is extinction?
300
This type of learning, coined by Tolman, occurs “below the surface” and is not immediately obvious in the animals performance…
What is latent learning?
400
This term refers to a series of studies each with different operational definitions of the main constructs that nonetheless lead to the same general conclusion…
What are converging operations?
400
This type of score was recommended by Tolman instead of using time-to-complete scores to improve the reliability of maze learning…
What is an error-score?
400
In Hull’s Drive Reduction theory, primary drives directly associated with survival can be reduced by these…
What are primary reinforcers?
400
These are defined as specifications of the relationships between the number of responses and the delivery of reinforcers, whenever reinforcement does not follow every behavior…
What are schedules of reinforcement?
400
This man was the author of “The Behavior of Organisms” and "Science and Human Behavior"…
Who is B.F. Skinner?
500
These are precise descriptions of procedures for measurement in an experiment and for specifying the variables in an experiment...
What are operational definitions?
500
This is the type of learning is what rats use when they find their food in the same area of the maze each time…
What is place learning?
500
Hull made contributions in aptitude testing and this other field, which involved inducing relaxation…
What is hypnosis?
500
B.F. Skinner's utopian novel Walden Two seeks to create a perfect society by use of this method...
What is the technological ideal?
500
This system, developed by Skinner, and eventually shut down by the military, involved using pigeons to direct missiles toward a target…