Compensatory Responses to Heart Failure
The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs
What is heart failure?
The most commonly affected valve in chronic rheumatic heart disease
What is mitral valve?
A passive process caused by impaired venous drainage
What is congestion?
Drug class that inhibits cell wall synthesis
What are β-lactams?
A palpable vibration caused by turbulent blood flow
What is a thrill?
Failure of a valve to open completely, causing obstruction to forward blood flow
What is stenosis?
Rheumatic fever typically develops approximately this long after streptococcal pharyngitis
What is approximately 3 weeks?
Extravasation of blood from vessels
What is haemorrhage?
The ability of bacteria to no longer be killed by drugs that were previously effective against them
What is antimicrobial (or antibiotic) resistance?
These are painful nodules on the fingers associated with infective endocarditis
What are Osler's Nodes?
When the ventricle is already operating near maximum capacity, additional fluid causes this major complication
What is oedema?
The most common causative organism of native valve infective endocarditis (Full name)
What is Streptococcus viridans?
A state of circulatory failure that impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia
What is shock?
Bacteria that can produce the enzyme penicillinase
What is Staphylococcus aureaus?
The patient should be positioned at approximately this angle when assessing JVP
What is 45 degrees?
Dyspnoea, orthopnoea and crackles are characteristic of this type of heart failure
What is left-sided heart failure?
The organism classically associated with infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users (Full name)
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
Accumulation of fluid:
•High protein content
•+/- cells, +/- fibrinogen
•Specific gravity >1.015
Due to increased vascular permeability.
Inflammatory.
Typically seen in bacterial pneumonia.
What is exudate?
Colloquially known as a "middle ear infection" and mostly common in children
It frequently follows an upper respiratory tract infection and presents with acute onset severe pain in 1 or both ears
Otitis media
A pansystolic murmur radiating to the axilla (i.e. what does this tell us)
What is mitral regurgitation?
Cardiac output can no longer be maintained and symptoms occur even at rest
What is decompensated heart failure?
The immunological target that antibodies against streptococcal M protein cross-react with
What is type IV collagen/host connective tissue antigens?
A patient develops:
Despite adequate blood volume
What is cardiogenic shock?
Prompt treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin helps prevent this immune-mediated disease
What is acute rheumatic fever?
A patient has:
What would be the diagnosis?
What is atrial fibrillation?