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100
What are the four areas of ecology and define them?
Organismal Ecology: morphological, physiological, and behavioral aspects of interactions with environment. Population Ecology: Changes in the number of individuals overtime Community Ecology: Collection of interacting species within a particular area. Ecosystem Ecology: All organisms in a particular region plus its non living (abiotic) components.
100
What is the difference between interspecific interactions and infraspecific interactions?
Inter - interactions among DIFFERENT species Intra - interactions among SAME species
100
What are trophic levels?
Group of organisms that obtain energy from the same type of source.
100
Numbers of individuals at a particular time (t) depends on...?
Births Deaths Immigration Emmigration
100
True or False: Do organisms make conscious decisions? Why or why not?
False because decisions are made based on environmental conditions.
200
Explain the game theory with a real world example. Specify what kind of behavior is being exhibited.
Reciprocal Altruism: Providing help to non relatives and relatives protect against cheaters --> as long as you follow the rules this type of cooperation will work
200
What is Ro (RNull)?
Net Reproductive Rate (NPP)
200
Explain what Ro(Rnull) is?
Growth rate per generation or the average number of offspring each female produces over her lifetime
200
It is not possible for 2 or more species with the exact same niche to coexist. What happens?
Competitive Exclusion
200
Character displacement displays a type of natural selection; explain which type of selection it is and why?
Directional Selection because it is choosing one extreme over the other
300
What is global warming and what are the consequences?
Increase in earths surface temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gasses Consequence: climate change, changes in productivity, and shift in species distribution
300
Explain the role mistletoe species had on populations.
Keystone species
300
What do density dependent and density independent factors tell us?
DI: changes in births and deaths are independent of density DD: change in intensity as a function of population density.
300
Draw the altruism and spite graphs and explain what it means.
ASK TAISHA
300
Explain the difference between proximate causation and ultimate causation by giving a real world example (Ex: bats and insects)
Proximate - how a behavior occurs based on biological processes Ultimate: why actions occur based on evolutionary history and effects on fitness
400
Explain fitness trade offs in terms of fecundity and survivorship. BE SPECIFIC
species with high fecundity, grow quickly, mature early, and make many eggs/seeds. species with high survivorship grow slowly, mature later, invest resources in protection and maintenance and produce few offspring
400
Explain the graph
Ask Taisha
400
Explain the graph and how does it relate to cost benefit analysis
see taisha
400
Give an example of optimal foraging that we talked about in class where the net amount of usable energy intake against the given costs of finding food plus the risks of becoming prey
birds can fly away close to their colony or far away but if they fly far away they can get bigger insects at the expense of taking the risk of getting eaten by a predator.
400
Explain how islands depend on a balance between immigration and extinction
island diversity affected by proximity to mainland
500
In 2030, the first census of tiger populations in india estimated their numbers at 42,467. In 2050, the efforts of the project tiger seemed to have paid off: the number of adult tigers in india increased to 47,300 individuals. Assuming an exponential pattern of growth, calculate r for this population.
r=0.005
500
growth when r changes overtime at high densities birth rates decrease and death rates increase is....?
logistic growth
500
In a population of squirrels, the per capita birth rate for a particular time period is 0.06 and the per capita death rate is 0.12 What is the r value for this population.
r= -.06
500
Distribution of species is NOT ....?
homogeneous
500
amount of energy produced by each year _______ as it moves into tropic levels
decreases