Modulation
These brainstem nuclei produce serotonin
What are the raphe?
This category of white matter fibers connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
What are association fibers?
This is the only sensory system that skips the thalamus before going to the primary sensory cortex
What is olfaction?
Lampreys have this many layers in their cortex
What are three layers?
In one part of this pathway, the CA3 projects to the CA1 via Schaffer collaterals
What is the trisynaptic pathway?
This brain structure secretes melatonin
What is the pineal gland?
This midbrain structure directs eye movement to stimuli
What is the superior colliculus?
This imaging tool allows for the reconstruction of what matter pathways in humans in vivo
What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?
This visual processing stream is responsible for processing objects and faces
What is the ventral stream?
This hypothesis tries to explain the difference in contralaterality between vertebrates and invertebrates
What is the axial twist hypothesis?
These nuclei near the pineal gland play a role in the inhibition of movement and goal-oriented behaviors
What is the habenula?
This neurotransmitter is released by the output cells of the basal ganglia
What is GABA?
This catecholamine neuromodulator produced in the brainstem is involved with sensory processing, memory, attention, and arousal
What is norepinephrine?
One major advantage of this silver staining technique is that it stains less than 10% of neurons
What is the Golgi stain?
This visual processing stream proceeds dorsally from the occipital cortex
What is the dorsal pathway?
This animal is our most distant chordate relative and is probably the most like our common ancestor (a little scary looking!)
What are lampreys?
This pathway, connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies, is involved in memory formation
What is the fornix?
This hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis increases blood volume and decreases blood osmolarity by promoting the insertion of aquaporin channels into the collecting ducts of the kidneys
What is vasopressin / anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
This brainstem structure is involved in the production of a neuromodulator involved in reward processing and movement
What is the substantia nigra?
This tract connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas
What is the arcuate fasciculus or superior longitudinal fasciculus?
The Golgi tendon organ measures this
What is muscle tension?
Each hemisphere of this mammal's brain sleeps for about 4 hours a day (so they don't stop swimming!)
What are cetaceans?
Stimulation of the human amygdala produces this emotion
What is anxiety or fear?
This term, coined by David Chalmers, refers to the philosophical question of how and why subjective experiences arise from physical brain processes
What is the "hard problem" of consciousness?
A deficit in this neurotransmitter results in narcolepsy
What is orexin or hypocretin?
In the hierarchical cortex, most distant cortico-cortical projections terminate in this layer
What is layer 1?
This structure in the pons is the second step in ascending auditory relay. It might also be tasty in a martini
What is the superior olivary nucleus
This brain region is expanded over 100x in humans compared to mice
What is the cerebral cortex?
Damage to the mammillary bodies is commonly associated with this disorder
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff?
Each of these inhibitory interneurons clamp down on the firing of hundreds of pyramidal cells with their cartridge synapses on axon initial segments
What are chandelier cells?