Anatomy
What structure is located in the center of the hepatic lobule?
The Central Vein
The gall bladder is located between which two lobes of the liver?
The right medial and quadrate liver lobes
Which choice is LEAST likely to result in hyperammonemia and elevated bile acids?
A. Cholestasis
B. Microhepatica
C. Portocaval shunt
D. Renal Failure
You are treating a surgical patient for post operative pain and decide to start with an IM injection of butorphanol followed by PO dosing. What is the pharmacokinetic parameter that is different between these formulations?
Rate of absorption (Ka)
What test is most useful in assessing liver function?
Blood Chemistry Profile
The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what embryological vessel?
The left umbilical vein
What is the source of the parasympathetic innervation to the liver and gall bladder?
Both vagal trunks
Jigi would like to know why her liver appeared small as described in his surgical report. Which is the best explanation?
A. Hepatic atrophy
B. Hepatic hypoplasia
C. Hepatic agenesis
D. Hepatic neoplasia
✓B. Hepatic hypoplasia
What is the mechanism of action of phenobarbital at low doses that results in its antiepileptic capabilities?
Enhancement of GABA activation
What is the substrate for bile acid synthesis?
Cholesterol
What is a structure that is contained within the deep leaf of the greater omentum?
Left lobe of the pancreas
Through which space does the omental bursa communicate with the greater peritoneal cavity?
the Epiploic foramen
What is increased as a result of hepatic conjugation of bilirubin?
What is the mechanistic class of Levetiracetam?
Bonus: what is the indication?
Anticonvulsant
Bonus: useful as third anti-seizure medication in dogs not well controlled with phenobarbital and bromides
Which statement is FALSE with regard to the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?
A. ALT is primarily located in the cytosol of osteocytes.
B. ALT transfers the alpha-amino group of alanine to the alpha-keto group of alpha-ketoglutarate and is important in gluconeogenesis.
C. Increased plasma levels of ALT indicate hepatocellular leakage due to loss of membrane integrity.
D. Mild to moderate elevations are typical for dogs with portosystemic shunts.
✓A. ALT is primarily located in the cytosol of osteocytes.
What process or lobe of the liver attaches to the right kidney?
Caudate process of the caudate lobe
Which of the Following statements best describes the adult vasculature of the liver?
A. Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver through hepatic hilus and the hepatic veins open into the caudal vena cava
B. Hepatic artery and vein enter the liver through the hepatic hilus while the hepatic portal vein opens directly into the caudal vena cava
C. Hepatic artery, hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein enter the liver through the hepatic hilus
D. Hepatic artery enters the liver through the hilus while the portal vein enters through the quadrate lobe
✓A. Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver through hepatic hilus and the hepatic veins open into the caudal vena cava
What clinical pathology analyte might become elevated by greater than 10-fold on a serum chemistry panel after and acute hepatotoxin ingestion because it is an indicator of acute hepatocellular necrosis?
ALT (Alanine transaminase)
Name any adverse effect of Dexmedetomidine
Bradycardia
Muscle tremors
transient hypertension
Occasional AV blocks
Decreased respiration
Hypothermia
urination
Vomiting
Hyperglycemia
The liver sinusoids are categorized as what type of vessels?
Fenestrated capillaries
The gall bladder is derived from what embryonic structure?
What is the name of the peritoneal fold which brings the umbilical vein to the liver?
The falciform ligament
What do you call a dysfunction of the brain secondary to hepatic dysfunction?
Bonus: this is marked by an increase of what?
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Bonus: Increase of blood ammonia concentration
Where is Zonisamide metabolized and eliminated?
20% is metabolized primarily by the liver, and then is excreted via the kidneys into the urine
Which of the following histological descriptions of the liver triad is correct?
A. Triad is located at the center of the hepatic lobules
B. Triad is the area where branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ductule are located
C. Triad include a bile duct, hepatic artery and central vein
D. Triad is composed of hepatic artery, hepatic vein and bundles of nerve fibers
✓B. Triad is the area where branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ductule are located