Animals
Geography
Government
Physics
Geology
100

Axolotls can survive in captivity if cared for well, but their native habitat is a single underground lake beneath this city.

Mexico City. They are now extinct in the wild.

100

Above the 49th Parallel, Minnesota has a small crop of land that shares a land border with Canada, but only shares water borders with the rest of Minnesota. The territories were drawn in such a way for this reason.

The map this boundary was based on contained mistakes; the people drawing the boundaries did not know the lake was shaped the way it is.

100

The 1st Reich of Germany was a Monarchy. The 3rd Reich was a Unitary Totalitarian Dictatorship. The 2nd Reich was ruled by this type of Government.

An Imperial Republic. 

100

The word "Galaxy" comes from the Greek word for this drink.

Milk ("Gala")

100

Across most of the Earth, there is a period of 1.4 billion years of geologic history missing from rock deposits. This phenomenon was first discovered in this notable landmark.

The Great Canyon.

200

Charles Darwin had a pet that was born around 1835 and died in 2006. The pet was this species of animal.

Harriet was a Galapagos Tortoise.

200

This pre-Columbian American Empire was the largest on the continent and had advanced architecture including terrace farms, mountain cities, road networks, and aqueducts.

The Inca Empire, who referred to their nation as Tawantinsuyu ("Realm of the Four Parts").

200
The name Aristotle and the term "Aristocracy" have no causal relation, but they mean similar things. This is the literal meaning of "Aristocracy".

Rule by Best. "Aristotle" means best of all.

200

Daily Double! Hydrogen and Helium are the most common elements in the universe. What are the next 5 most common? If 4 of your 5 entries are correct, you will get the points. Your guesses do not have to be in order.

By mass, the most common elements throughout the universe are Hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen, Carbon, Neon, Iron, Nitrogen

200

Eyjafjallajökull is an ice cap in Iceland. It is currently retreating, due to this geological phenomenon.

It is on top of a Volcano.

300

Snakes have a sensing organ on the tops of their heads for detecting this.

Shadows.

300

Many, many, many cities all over Europe and Asia are named after this Macedonian conqueror.

Alexander the Great.

300

Japan surrendered in 1945, but Hirohito did not lose his seat as emperor until this event occurred in 1989.

His death. Hirohito was succeeded by Akihito, who was succeeded by Naruhito, who still holds the seat today. Though, in that time, the position of Emperor was relegated to symbolic.

300

"Centrifical Force" is not formally defined by physicists. Physicists call it "Centrifugal Force", and it's not actually a force, but a manifestation of this property of an object.

Momentum.

300

Granite turns into Gneiss when this metamorphic effect happens to it.

Compression.

400

What mammal has the longest lifespan?

The Bowhead Whale.

400

The Republic of Uzbekistan is double-landlocked, as it is completely surrounded by countries that are also landlocked. There is only one other double-landlocked country, which is this nation.

The Principality of Lichtenstein

400
The Vatican is a U.N. Observer State, one of two parties who currently have such a status. Name the other State that has this status.

Palestine, which applied for, but never received, Member status.

400

Charon is the reason that Pluto is not considered a planet. What is Pluto's relationship to Charon?

They orbit each other.

400

Sand, Silt, and Clay are differentiated based on this attribute.

Their particle size.

500

Ants can raise cattle, grow crops, take care of their young, scavenge for food, and fight wars. But how do ants decide which of these activities to do?

The release and intake of pheromones. 
500

Ownership of Liberty Island was contested due to the fact that Liberty Island is bigger than it used to be. What state currently owns Liberty Island? (The answer is complex)

The part of Liberty Island that has always existed is New York's, the new part of the island is New Jersey's.

500

Of the 193 U.N. Member States, 165 of them have Unitary Governments. What is a Unitary Government?

A Unitary Government is a state governed as a single entity by a final authority. Subdivisions of the government are made and unmade per the final authority's will. Not to be confused with Totalitarianism.

500
We've all heard of Dark Matter in fiction, but it is in fact a real phenomenon. However, "Dark Matter" may be a misnomer, since it actually appeared as this when it was first observed.

We have never directly observed Dark Matter. We're not certain what it looks like, what it is, or if it can be described as matter at all.

500

Obsidian is considered a rock, but it is not considered to contain minerals, due to this property of its structure. 

It does not have a crystalline structure.