Background
What global health goal is central to both studies' investigations into health access and system performance?
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Name 3 exclusion criteria of the Tran et al. study.
"-indoor work environments, non-climate hazards due to geologic events (e.g., earthquakes), and non-anthropogenic climate change (e.g., due to volcanic eruptions)
-chamber studies looking at the effects of controlled weather factors on health
-climatic and/or meteorological variables independently of health outcomes
-books, book chapters, theses, articles in the media
-commentaries, letters to the editor, conference abstracts/proceedings, perspectives/viewpoints, primers, protocol/frameworks, replies from authors, opinion pieces
-studies whose full texts were unavailable;
-studies on nonhuman subjects."
In Tran et al., what disease had the strongest association with rising temperatures in Vietnam?
Dengue
What is one limitation of the Tran et al. review?
Most of the studies included focused on big cities/one location. There need to be more studies on rural/mountainous areas.
Absence of future projections
What topics on climate change does Tran et al. state need to be explored (name 2)?
"intersecting climate risks, zoonotic diseases, longterm health outcomes and quality of life associated with climate change, as well as evaluations of the effectiveness of climate change adaptation measures"
Which country is the focus of Tran et al.’s study on climate change and health?
Vietnam
What were the five countries included in Odipo et al.'s study?
Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, India, and Laos
According to Odipo et al., how did private insurance compare to public insurance in terms of health service use?
Private insurance was more strongly associated with health service use and confidence in affording care.
What is the design of the study data analysis (longitudinal, cross-sectional) in Odipo et al.? And why is this a limitation?
All analyses were cross-sectional so associations cannot be interpreted as causal (can't rule out residual confounding).
What kind of policy approaches do Odipo et al. suggest are needed to improve UHC outcomes?
More locally customized, comprehensive health financing strategies
According to Odipo et al., which country had universal public health insurance coverage in the study sample?
Laos
What sampling methods were used in Odipo et al. for countries with low mobile phone penetration?
A combination of mobile phone surveys and face-to-face interviews (ex. in Ethiopia and Kenya)
How many studies in English and Vietnamese were included in the systematic review (Tran et al.) respectively?
111 in English and 16 in Vietnamese
What limitation did both studies share related to geographic scope?
Limited generalizability due to country-specific or regional focus
What key analyses do Tran et al. highlight as necessary to include in future research?
Future projections on health risks related to climate.
What climate-related events were found to significantly affect health outcomes in Vietnam?
Heatwaves, floods, and droughts
How many articles included in Tran et al. were published in 2010?
2
Which population groups were most vulnerable to heat-related health impacts in Tran et al.'s study?
Older adults, children, and outdoor workers
Approximately how many of the studies assessed were considered low quality in the Tran et al. systematic review?
2/3
How many deaths per million due to food shortage is climate change predicted to cause (Tran et al.)?
125 deaths per one million population
What are two major barriers to achieving UHC identified across the five countries in Odipo et al.’s analysis?
Weak public insurance performance and inequitable access by income, geography, and education
What is the equation of the Heat Exposure Vulnerability Index (HEVI) and what do each of the variables in it mean (Tran et al.)?
HEVI = 100*(Pop65 + Major NCD Prevalence + Urbanization Rate)/3
Pop65 = the proportion of the population aged 65 years or above
Major NCD Prevalence = prevalence of cardiovascular, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases among aged 65 years or above
Urbanization Rate = the proportion of people living in urban areas
In which country did public insurance have the weakest association with health service use, according to Odipo et al.?
Kenya
What was one methodological limitation in Odipo et al.'s use of mobile phone surveys?
Possible underrepresentation of low-income and rural populations with limited phone access
How can governments ensure that insurance schemes actually improve equity, as suggested by Odipo et al.?
By expanding coverage to rural and low-income populations and improving the quality and readiness of services