Vocabulary
District Courts
Court of Appeals
Supreme Court
Bankruptcy Courts
100
Doctrine that holds that the government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does
What is Due Process
100
These federal trial courts hold the distinction of being the first to hear a case, possessing this specific type of authority
100
Unlike trial courts, Courts of Appeals do not hear new testimony or use a jury; instead, this panel of judges reviews the case to correct these.
What are errors of law
100
Established in the 1803 case Marbury v. Madison, this is the Supreme Court's power to review and invalidate laws that conflict with the Constitution
What is judicial review
100
Because this area of law falls under exclusive federal jurisdiction, bankruptcy cases cannot be heard in these lower-level state courts
What is State Court
200
Reasonable grounds, a reasonable suspicion of crime
What is Probably Cause
200
There are exactly this many federal judicial districts spread across the U.S. and its territories, with at least one in every state
What is 94?
200
The U.S. is divided into 12 of these regional territories, each hosting a regional Court of Appeals.
What are Circuits
200
In 1954, this unanimous landmark decision reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" doctrine, declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
Brown v. Board of Education
200
This temporary legal injunction issued by the bankruptcy court stops creditors from foreclosures, repossessions, and collection calls the moment a petition is filed.
What is automatic stay?
300
The authority of a court to hear a case
What is Jurisdiction
300
Unlike appeals courts, district courts are the only level in the federal system that routinely rely on this group of citizens to determine the facts of a case.
What is a 
300
Headquartered in the nation's capital, this specialized Court of Appeals handles patent claims, government contracts, and international trade
What is the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit?
300
Preserved in the Constitution to protect them from political pressure, this is the length of term a Supreme Court Justice serves
What is for life
300
Appointed by the U.S. Trustee Program and the bankruptcy court, this official acts as the administrator of the bankruptcy estate in a Chapter 7 liquidation.
who is the trustee
400
A case in which a defendant is tried for committing a crime as defined by the law
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What is a Criminal Case?
400
If a resident of Virginia files a federal lawsuit against a company based in California due to a dispute worth over $75,000, a district court handles this specific type of jurisdiction.
What is Diversity of Citizenship?
400
If an appellate court determines there were no errors in the lower court's proceedings, it will often take this action to keep the ruling intact
What is uphold (or affirm) the decision
400
The 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision ruled that police must inform detained suspects of these constitutional rights before questioning them
What are Miranda Rights
400
Also known as the "wage earner's plan", this bankruptcy chapter allows individuals with regular income to develop a plan to repay all or part of their debts over 3 to 5 years under court supervision
What is chapter 13?
500
A case involving a noncriminal matter such as a contract dispute or a claim of patent infringement
What is a Civil Case?
500
This act of Congress, passed in 1789, formally established the lower federal court system, including the initial district courts.
What is the Judiciary Act of 1789
500
If an appellant loses at the federal appellate court level, their next and final possible path for review is this body
What is the U.S. Supreme Court
500
She was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court, serving from 1981 until her retirement in 2006.
Who is Sandra Day O'Connor?
500
To prevent abuse of the system by higher-income earners, this formula is heavily scrutinized by courts to determine if a debtor is eligible for Chapter 7 bankruptcy
What is the means test?