Article III
The powers and duties of this branch of government are laid out in Article III of the US Constitution.
What is the judicial branch?
This body, made up of twelve citizens, decides whether or not a defendant is guilty.
What is the jury?
This rule, governing students' free speech in school, was established by the Tinker v. Des Moines case.
What is "students may engage in symbolic speech as long as it is not disruptive to the school?"
The kinds of cases a particular court can hear, very often based in geography (physical location).
What is jurisdiction?
This amendment to the Constitution protects your right to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of association.
What is the first amendment?
Federal judges are appointed for this length of time, in part to protect their political independence.
What is for life?
This person is responsible for maintaining order in the court, explaining the law to jurors, and (usually) deciding on the sentence.
Who is the judge?
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated, overruling the "separate but equal" doctrine.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
Courts generally try to respect these, which are previous decisions of the same or a higher court.
What are precedents?
This term is used to refer to the first ten amendments to the US Constitution as a whole.
What is the "Bill of Rights?"
What are states?
In this type of trial, two private citizens ask a court to resolve a dispute over money or contracts.
What is a civil trial?
This power is not explicitly in the constitution, but was asserted by the court in Marbury v. Madison.
What is constitutional review/judicial review?
A written expression of disagreement with the majority opinion of the court.
What is a dissent?
Based on this amendment, courts have ruled that police need probable cause to search you, and a warrant signed by a judge to search your home.
What is the fourth amendment?
Except in cases involving ambassadors and other public officials, the Supreme Court has this type of jurisdiction, not original jurisdiction.
What is appellate jurisdiction?
In order to convict a criminal defendant, the government must prove that they committed a crime, to this standard of evidence.
What is "beyond a reasonable doubt?"
According to the ruling in New Jersey v. TLO, what grounds must a school official have for searching a student?
What is reasonable suspicion of a crime or of a violation of a school rule?
What is probable cause?
What are Miranda rights?
This crime "shall consist only in levying war against [the US], or in adhering to their enemies."
What is treason?
If a prosecutor failed to reveal potentially exculpatory evidence to a defense lawyer, that could be grounds for an appeal, because it would be an error of this type.
What is a procedural error?
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th amendment meant that the 2nd amendment restricted state laws.
What is McDonald v. Chicago?
What is "living Constitution" approach?
According to this amendment, you have a bunch of other rights that are not explicitly listed in the Constitution.
What is the 9th amendment?