The Senate
Imperial Family
Building Programs and Cult
Army and Empire
Image and Role of the Princeps
100
Which Emperor started the use of of miestas trials?
Tiberius
100
Which marriage tied the Julii and Claudii together?
Agrippina the Elder and Germanicus
100
Name of the significant temple complex in Aphrodisias
The Sebasteion
100
Which Emperor 'conquered' Britannia?
Claudius
100
Which Emperor was considered 'Mad'?
Gaius (Caligula)
200
Which Emperor spoke about increasing the power of the Senate and limiting that of the Imperial household? Who wrote this speech?
Nero, written by Seneca
200
Why was Claudius an 'unlikely' candidate
He was considered lame, simple-minded and had a stutter. Suetonius writes that his own mother considered him a monster.
200
Which TWO emperors were deified?
Augustus and Claudius
200
Name the THREE major Praetorian Prefects
Sejanus, Macro, and Burrus
200
What is the significance of the term Princeps in Rome
It means the 'first among equals' and whilst not an official position it signified the emperor's position as the leading figure in the Empire.
300
Which emperor referred to the Senate as 'men fit to be slaves'?
Tiberius
300
There was a succession crisis after the death of which Emperor? Why was there so?
Gaius.
1. He was assassinated.
2. He had no formal successor except an infant girl.
3. The Senate attempted to restore the Republic.
Aspects of the above need to be considered
300
Which Emperor had the grandest scale of building programs? Name TWO projects they worked on.
Nero,
Finished Port at Ostia | Baths of Nero | Domus Aurea | Fireproofing Rome | Grand provisions market | Expanded the Circus of Gaius | Started Temple of Divi Claudii | Rebuilt Temple of Vesta and Circus Maximus
300
What events led to Senajus' downfall (details and key individuals)
Tiberius' sister-in-law, Antonia, discovered Sejanus' plot to overthrow Tiberius through marriage and a coup. She gave these documents to her freedman Pallas, who delivered them to Tiberius on Capri. Tiberius then used Macro to deliver an address to the Senate, exposing Sejanus' plot to all.
300
What is the importance of numismatic sources in understanding the image of the Princeps?
They reveal the way that different Princeps' wanted to portray themselves, their actions and the Imperial Family in their own time. It was a form of propoganda in celebrating their successes and cementing their leadership.
400
Describe Claudius' turbulent relationship with the Senate, using examples.
Claudius seemed to desire to work alongside the senate during his time, attending meetings regularly and 'cleaning up' the membership. However, he also exerted despotism through the 'private trials' of senators on the Palatine. He also weakened their powers giving significant posts to Freedmen and introducing Gauls to their membership (for better or worse).
400
At the start of each Princeps, there was 'a first crime.' Name the Princeps and which member of the family was killed at the start of their reign. (bonus 400 if you can identify their relationship for ALL four)
Tiberius - Agrippa Postumus (Grandson of Augustus)
Gaius - Tiberius Gemellus (Grandson of Tiberius)
Claudius - Milonia and Julia Drusilla (Wife and Daughter of Gaius)
Nero - Junius Silanus (Great-grandson of Augustus through his mother)
400
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What does the Great Cameo of France reveal about the nature of the Imperial Cult
It places the Julio-Claudian family within the semi-divine realm, between the moral and the immortal. For example Tiberius is embodies the seated Jupiter with other members of the alive family around him. In the divine register is the divi Augusti watching over the family.
400
Identify the significant/memorable campaigns of ONE Emperor (can be any).
Tiberius - none during his reign, but prior he was successful in Germania and Panonia along the Rhine and Danube. (Also Germanicus invaded north of the Rhine to recapture the lost standards; however, gained territory was lost again)
Gaius - none significant; however, he did go to war against the ocean and started to prepare to invade Britain.
Claudius - Invaded and conquered part of Britain; resulting in a triumph.
Nero - continued the conquest of Britain, Armenian conflict, Judean Revolt.
400
Summarise how Tacitus portrays Claudius during the Julio-Claudian period
Tacitus is very negative in his portrayal of Claudius, emphasising his drunkenness and the fact he was 'ruled by the women and freedmen around him'. Continuously he is seen as a bumbling idiot who lets Messalina get away with adultery and Agrippina to dominate the Princepate.
500
How did the role of the Senate change in this period?
Over time during the Julio-Claudian period the power and influence of the Senate waned as the Princeps became more solidified in their power. Through various periods of miestas trials under each princeps the will of the Senate to stand against the princeps weakened. Despite this at the end of Nero's reign the Senate still had enough legal authority to name him an 'Enemy of the State' leading to his downfall; however this also hinged in the failing loyalty of the Praetorian Guards.
500
According to Woolfe, what was the succession problem during the Julio-Claudians?
As the position of princeps was not formally established but rather was a collection of 'personal' powers anyone in the family could take the role. This meant that anyone in the family (male or female) was a threat to the current Princeps or his chosen heir (if there was one alive).
500
What was the primary purpose of building projects during the Julio-Claudian Period? (need detail)
The primary purpose was public use in the civic, social, and religious sphere. Numerous emperors built or renovated temples, such as the Temple of Concordia or Vesta. Other projects included Aquaducts and the Port at Ostia to better the masses in Rome.
500
Why was successful management and relationship with the army (inc. Praetorians) pivotal to the success of the Principate?
The army is what gave the Princeps power and legitimacy in the Empire. The majority of the soldiers were stationed in Imperial provinces rather than Senatorial provinces and given to trusted commanders. The Praetorians made the Princeps (e.g. Claudius and Nero) and were stationed in Rome as a direct power base on the Senate and any dissent within the city. When Nero lost the trust and faith of the Army through poor administration of the commanders, it resulted in coups and rebellions, which ended the Julio-Claudian line and started the Year of the Four Emperors.
500
How did the role of the Princeps change during this period?
The role of the Princeps shifted over time with each subsequent ruler as they accumulated and amassed more personal power and patronage to themself and the Imperial household. The power of the Senate waned in the shadow of the princeps. The influence and importance of the Praetorians increased in their alligence to the Domus Caesaris. Whilst freedmen and other members of the household gained more influence.