Review from last quiz
At what age does a juvenile status begin? At what age does a juvenile status end? How long can a former juvenile remain in the juvenile justice system? At what age can juveniles be treated as adults or be transferred to adult court?
What are the four age considerations in the juvenile justice system?
Natural chemicals that regulate the body have a role in behavior; testosterone; epinephrine/norepinephrine.
What are hormones?
Concept when residents do not exert control allows crime to flourish.
What is social disorganization?
The theory that argues that behavior is controlled by factors an individual internalizes early in life. Good self-control keeps an individual from violating the law.
What is the self-control theory?
Theory that deviance is a natural outgrowth of the location in which it occurs.
What is the ecological theory?
State as parent or the philosophical basis for the new juvenile court with a focus on handling youths as parents would handle their children.
What is parens patriae?
Chemicals involved in the transmission of electrical impulses through the nervous system can alter behavior; serotonin; dopamine.
What are neurotransmitters?
Concept that deviance is learned just as other behavior is learned.
What is differential association?
Perspective that involvement in the juvenile justice system leads to more deviant behavior by labeling the individual as a deviant and forcing him or her to act in accordance with that label
What is the labeling perspective?
Group, symbols, communication, permanence, turf and crime.
What are the typical elements of a gang?
School of thought believes humans are free-willed and choose their behavior.
What is the Classical school of thought?
Chemicals that are introduced to the body or altered through diet or other influences; reactive hypoglycemia; alcohol; drugs.
What are orthomolecular factors?
Concept of learning from images in the media.
What is differential identification?
Theory that “delinquent acts result when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken.” Bond is composed of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
What is the social control theory?
A sense of belonging. Improved self-esteem. Financial gain/rewards. Feelings of family. Status. Group cohesion. Social support. Acceptance. Social Activities. Protection. Intimidation.
What are the reasons why juveniles and others join a gang?
School of thought sees behavior as dictated by outside causes beyond the control of the individual.
What is the Positivist school of thought?
Concept that everyone develops through certain stages, with each stage contributing to the knowledge a person needs to be a successful conforming member of society. Deviance results when an individual fails to advance successfully through all the stages.
What are developmental explanations?
Concept that we learn from the results of our actions, and system of punishment and rewards.
What is differential reinforcement?
The theory suggests that crime is a logical outcome of the disjunction between the socially prescribed goals and the means available for achieving those goals. Deviance as a direct result of a social structure that stresses achievement but fails to provide adequate, legitimate means of succeeding
What is strain theory?
Intervention that includes any form of social control in which the criminal justice system (police, courts, or corrections) or society attempt to impose formal or informal limits on behavior. It is the least effective.
What is suppression?
The school of thought that believes individuals exercise some degree of free will but the choices are limited by factors both within and outside of the individual?
What is the Neoclassical school of thought?
Concept that there are both biological and environmental influences on behavior, and it is necessary to consider the interaction of these factors.
What is biosociology or sociobiology?
Concept that juveniles often act in accordance with a different set of values and beliefs that invariably conflict with the dictates of the larger society, thus leading them to be considered deviant.
What is subcultural theory?
Idea that youths violate the law while maintaining a positive self-image as a conforming member of society.
What are neutralization techniques?
Intervention that recognizes the lack of meaningful jobs and the training needed to succeed, and taking steps to change the problems; education, vocational training, and job placement are elements. Most effective.
What is opportunities provision?