Capital
The two requirements for an object to be a commodity.
Use-value and exchange-value.
The basis for a commodity’s usefulness.
Its physical properties.
The syntactical structure for a hypothetical imperative.
An example of an ideological concept in Kant that is not the good will.
The rational being.
Definition of ideology.
Taking the concept of a thing for the thing itself.
The difference between use-value and exchange-value.
Qualitative/quantitative.
The Categorical Imperative
Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
Herr Dühring's method of ethics.
Applying mathematics onto ethics.
How to determine the value of a commodity.
Duration of labor-power in normal conditions.
The necessary condition for an exchange of two commodities each with two different use-values takes place.
A third thing (exchange-value) that can’t be use-value (physical). Exchange-value must be an abstraction.
The role of God and freedom in Kant’s philosophy.
Regulative idea, condition of ethics, an idea projected by the mind.
The irony of 18th century political thought.
Enlightenment supports equality. But the concept of equality is based on ideology.
The reason why the confrontation of two objects as commodities need to be the products of mutually independent acts of labor.
Because otherwise, there would be no need for exchange-value because the use-value and the labor in each commodity would be the same.
The common denominator of all commodities.
Products of labor but human labor in the abstract, or labor-power (phantom-like).
The condition for imperatives and things that one ought to do (hint: God and imperatives).
A discrepancy between the acting subject and the objective law.
The problem of universalist ethics.
Violence. Applies foreign ideals (binaries) onto different people that results in force if the ideal is not accepted.
Let’s say that you are a shop-owner selling homemade fries. A serving of fries costs $5. Julia hands you a $5 note and you hand her a serving. Identify at least two phantoms and the physical corpses from which they came.
Use-value (consumption) as exchange-value ($5).
Exchange-value as duration of individuated labor (frying, cutting, etc.).
Duration of individuated labor as labor-power.
Labor-power as exchange-value.
Exchange-value as physical money ($5 note).
Physical money as value ($5).
The definition of labor as a commodity.
Use-value: we use labor to produce necessities and things to consume.
Exchange-value: we exchange labor in the abstract, labor-power.
The definition of Critique and how it relates with Marxist thinking.
To critique means to question the limits/conditions/boundaries of something.
Marx critiques the conditions of consciousness (historical).
The relation between a theory of knowledge and ethics.
If a priori knowledge of ethics is possible, then we can come up with universal definitions of good/bad.