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Plant Structure and Growth
Water Transport in Angiosperms
More Transport in Angiosperms
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Plant Categories and Miscellany
100
These cells open and close stomata.
guard cells
100
Guard cells open and close the:
Stomata
100
The transport of phloem sap is called:
Active translocation (active because it requires ATP)
100
What 2 parts make up the male plant part (the stamen)?
anther and filament
100
ferns are in the plant category:
Filicinophyta (or Pterophyta)
200
Distinguish between apical and lateral meristem in dicotyledonous plants.
Apical (primary) meristem is found at apical buds, axillary buds, and root tips and increases length of a plant part. Lateral meristem is cambium found in stems and increases the width of a plant part. Both are tissues that generate new cells for a plant.
200
Define "xerophyte" and give an example.
A xerophyte is a plant adapted for dry conditions and some examples include: cacti, yucca,
200
Phloem sap is transported from _______ to ________.
Source to sink
200
What 3 parts make up the female plant part (the carpel or pistil)?
stigma, style, ovary
200
Give at least 2 features of Bryophyta and an example of this type of plant.
Bryophytes have no real vascular tissue, so they are low-lying. Their root-like structures are called rhizoids. The gametophyte stage is dominant. Moss, liverwort, and hornwort are examples. (Lichens are NOT bryophytes. They are a mutualistic relationship between an algae and a fungus).
300
Explain apical dominance.
Auxin (IAA) from apical buds diffuses down to axillary buds and inhibits their growth. The further down, the less the effect. This is why gardeners prune off the tops of plants to encourage lateral growth.
300
Discuss 3 external factors that affect rate of transpiration and briefly describe the cause.
Wind increases transpiration because it blows water away from stomata. Higher temperatures increase transpiration because higher kinetic energy causes more evaporation. High humidity decreases transpiration because the air already holds lots of water and can't evaporate much more. In general, more light increases transpiration because stomata close in the dark. (the exception is for plants with CAM physiology that close stomata during the day to conserve water)
300
3 ways that mineral ions travel through soil.
Diffusion of ions, mass flow of water, fungal hyphae
300
List 4 names and functions of parts of a typical dicotyledonous seed.
testa: outer coating to protect plant embryo and prevent drying out micropyle: slit where male gametes entered ovule cotyledons: embryonic leaves plumule: embryonic shoot radicle: embryonic root endosperm: food for embryonic plant
300
Compare Filicinophyta and Coniferophyta.
Both are vascular plants. Filicinophyta reproduce through spores (on back of leaves in ferms) and Coniferophyta reproduce through seeds (in cones). Filicinophytes have a separate gametophyte stage, and conifers have an internal and very small gametophyte.
400
Outline 3 differences between the structures of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
Monocots have parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3, vascular bundles scattered in stem, fibrous adventitious roots, 1 cotyledon, one pore in pollen and more! Dicots have netlike veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot with lateral roots, 2 cotyledons, 3 pores in pollen and more!
400
Outline 4 adaptations of xerophytes that help to reduce transpiration.
Spines reduce surface area for transpiration. Reduced number of stomata. Thick waxy cuticle to hold water in. Upright (vertical) orientation to minimize transpiration during hottest part of the day. CAM physiology: stomata open at night to reduce evaporation. Water storage. Rolled leaves.
400
What are adaptations at the roots to promote water and mineral absorption?
Branching and many root hairs provide surface area for absorption. Protein pumps and mitochondria support active transport to get ions in against the concentration gradient.
400
Distinguish between pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal.
Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilization occurs when tube cell grows down carpel, male gametes go down tube, and fertilize ovule and endosperm. Seed dispersal is the transport of seeds away from the parent plant (through wind, water, animal)
400
Explain the conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed.
Seeds need water to soften the testa and to trigger enzymes (gibberellin). Seeds need appropriate temperatures for proper functioning of enzymes. Seeds need oxygen for aerobic respiration (breakdown of glucose to make ATP!). Most seeds do not need light because they can't photosynthesize until their leaves make it out of the ground and can be exposed to the sun!
500
Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth.
Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the apical bud of a plant and is stimulated by light. According to theory, it diffuses to the shady part of the stem and causes elongation of those cells, which tips the stem towards the sun. Auxin causes hydrogen ions to be secreted into the cell wall, which breaks down the cellulose fibers and allows expansion of the cells. Plant cell membranes have auxin receptors. When auxin binds to them, certain growth-promoting genes are transcribed to cause the above changes.
500
Describe the process of transpiration using appropriate features and vocabulary.
Water evaporates from leaves and stems through the stomata. Water's polarity gives it strong hydrogen bonds, which gives it good cohesion. Thus, when one water molecule evaporates, the rest are pulled up as a chain (transpiration pull) and continue to rise and evaporate. Water also has good adhesion in the hydrophilic interior of xylem vessels. At the root tips, the last water molecule pulled in leaves an empty space (negative pressure) and thus more water is pushed in from the soil to fill that void.
500
Outline the metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed.
Absorption (imbibition) of water leads to formation of gibberellin in the cotyledon. Gibberellin stimulates production of amylase, which breaks down starch into maltose. Maltose is then transported to growing part of embryonic plant, where it is converted to glucose and used for energy and formation of cellulose.
500
Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and short-day plants, including the role of phytochrome.
2 versions of phytochrome, Pr and Pfr, are interchangeable in plants. During the day, Pfr builds up. At night it slowly converts back to Pr. At the end of a long night, there is no Pfr left, and since Pfr inhibits short-day flowering, they flower after a long night. At the end of a short night, there is some Pfr left and since it stimulates long-day flowers, they flower!
500
Come up here and draw and label the cross-section of a dicotyledonous stem. Include at least 7 correct labels.
Let's see it!!