P
RPO= _____?
RPO=LAO
AP and PA Axial Oblique projections of the C-spine are used to best demonstrate what anatomy?
Intervertebral foramina.
What are the positioning instructions for the Lateral Extension projection of the C-spine?
ask patient to elevate chin as much as possible (hyperextension)
How can a AP T-spine projection be produced with more uniform image density?
1. increasing the kVp
2. utilizing the anode heel effect. place the lower (thicker) portion of T-spine under cathode end of the x-ray tube.
A Scoliosis Series is also referred to as a ________?
AP or PA Scoliosis series (ferguson)
LPO=_____?
LPO=RAO
How do you position a Cervicothoracic projection (lateral Swimmers)?
1. place patient in true lateral position
2. elevate arm adjacent to grid
3. depress shoulder furthest from IR.
True or False: The AP Dens (Fuchs) takes place of the AP Open-mouth?
False, never takes the place of the AP open mouth, only adds to it.
What projections utilize a breathing technique during exposure?
1. lateral T-spine
2. RAO sternum
3. Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence method) of proximal humerus
4. AP scapula
5. Lateral soft tissue neck.
Why is a PA Scoliosis Series preferred?
to reduce radiation exposure (ESE) of radiosensitive organs.
A posterior oblique of the C-spine BEST DEMONSTRATES _______?
intervertebral foramina furthest from the IR
What is demonstrated on a Cervicothoracic projection (lateral swimmer)?
lateral projection of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae (C7-T1)
The AP Dens (Fuchs) image shown an AP projection of the _________?
Dens lying within the circular foramen magnum
Why is a breathing technique utilized during a Lateral T-spine Projection?
in order to blur the detail of the lungs and ribs
In a Scoliosis Series (Ferguson method) how should the patient and the IR be positioned?
1. have patient sit or stand
2. adjust IR height to include about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the iliac crest
A posterior Oblique of the T-spine BEST DEMONSTRATES _________?
Zygapophyseal joints furthest from the IR.
Why would the technologist perform a Lateral Flexion and extension of the C-spine?
1. pre/post-surgical fusion
2. post whiplash
What projection demonstrates where the Cervical Ribs originate?
AP T-spine
If a breathing technique is not used during a Lateral T-spine Projection, the exposure should be taken at the end of a ________?
Full expiration.
What is done for the second radiograph in a Scoliosis Series (Ferguson Method)?
elevate the patient's hip or foot on the convex side of the primary curvature by 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) using a block, book, or sandbags underneath the buttock or foot.
A Posterior Oblique of the L-spine BEST DEMONSTRATES ________?
zygapophyseal joints closest to the IR.
What are the positioning instructions for the Lateral Flexion projection of the C-spine?
ask patient to drop head forward and draw the chin as close as possible to the chest (hyperflexion)
What is the CR location for an AP T-spine Projection?
Why would we use a low mA, long exposure time, that routinely takes 2.5-4 seconds long, during certain x-ray exams?
to blur out overlying structures and underlying structures.
When the patient is lying supine for the AP Lumbar Spine projection, why does the patient flex there knees?
1. more comfortable for the patient
2. reduces lordotic curvature of the L-spine
3. opens joint spaces and reduces OID.