safety
what determines where radiation induced cancer may occur?
radiation dose and organ sensitivity
what is another word for stochastic effects?
probabilistic
what is a key characteristic of non-stochastic effects?
they have a threshold.
what exams are considered High risk for female patients?
abdomen, pelvis, sacrum/coccyx, L-spine, and hips
pediatrics are especially sensitive to radiation exposure because________?
1. cells reproduce frequently making them more radiosensitive
2. pediatrics have long life expectancy, which gives long-term somatic effects time to develop.
3. due to small size, will have a large percentage of their body exposed to radiation. collimation is very important.
effects limited to the exposed individual and a specific area of exposure
local somatic effects
what type of dose response relationship does stochastic effects follow?
non-threshold. "all or nothing effects"
at what dose levels do non-stochastic effects typically occur?
higher radiation doses
what happens to sperm production throughout a males life?
spermatogonia are constantly reproducing.
what is another name for Hemopoietic syndrome?
bone marrow or hematologic syndrome.
what is an example of a local somatic effect?
erythema on a portion of the body in the direct path of a radiation therapy beam
how does dose affect stochastic effects?
the probability increases with dose, but the severity dose not.
how do non-stochastic effects change with increasing dose?
biologic effects increase in frequency and magnitude with increases in radation dose
who should NEVER hold a patient during an x-ray?
the radiologic technologist
what dose range causes hemopoietic syndrome?
100-1000 rads (1-10 Gy). 100-10,000 mGy to the whole body
what is:
effects that are limited to the exposed individual but the response to the radiation effects the entire body, not just the site of exposure.
general somatic effects
does increasing dose increase the severity of stochastic effects?
no, only the probability increases.
what is the Ten Day rule?
radiation exposure to female patients within the childbearing age should be limited to a period of time within 10 days following the onset of menstruation.
if someone must hold a patient during an exam, who should be chosen?
a non-occupational adult
what systems are affected in hemopoietic syndrome?
blood disorders, immune system, and blood clotting ability.
what is an example of general somatic effects?
high dose of radiation delivered to the long bones of the lower extremities, that result in a suppression of the hemopoietic system and cause a loss in the volume of circulating red blood cells within the body.
what is an example of a stochastic effect?
prenatal death due to radiation exposure delivered during the first trimester of pregnancy. delivering more radiation will not increase the severity of the response. after death occurs any additional radiation delivered to the fetus does not result in further effect or damage.
what does the term "onset" mean?
start of cycle menstrual cycle.
if medical personnel are available, who should assist with holding?
when does death occur in hemopoietic syndrome?
3-6 weeks after exposure