eras
The period before written records, covering the Stone Age and early human development.
Prehistory
a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. Seen in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Theocracy
gunpowder
Invented in China during the Tang Dynasty (9th century), it revolutionized warfare with the development of firearms and cannons
Gupta Empire
An ancient Indian empire known for its advancements in science, mathematics (e.g., the concept of zero), astronomy, and culture during its Golden Age.
Confucianism
A Chinese philosophy founded by Confucius, emphasizing moral integrity, respect for family and elders, and the importance of education and social harmony.
What are the 3 eras included in prehistory
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras
Democracy (Athenian)
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, exemplified by Ancient Athens, where citizens (land-owning males) voted on laws and decisions.
Paper
Invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty (around 105 CE), paper transformed record-keeping, communication, and education worldwide.
Maurya Empire
One of the first major Indian empires, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, and notable for its unification of India and the spread of Buddhism under Emperor Ashoka.
Hellenism
the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great
Paleolithic Era
early humans lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers. humans developed stone tools, controlled fire, and lived in small, mobile groups. cave paintings
Republic
A government system in which elected representatives make decisions on behalf of the people
Aqueducts
Built by the Romans, aqueducts transported water to cities for public baths, fountains, and homes, showcasing Roman engineering skills.
Roman Empire
A vast empire spanning Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, known for its military dominance, legal system (e.g., Roman Law), monumental architecture (e.g., aqueducts, Colosseum), and cultural influence.
Buddhism
A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), focusing on enlightenment through overcoming suffering, desire, and ignorance.
time period of paleolithic era
2.5 million - 10,000 BCE
Hammurabi's Code
One of the earliest known written legal codes, developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon, which set laws on commerce, justice, and family matters. Influenced the development of legal systems in many later civilizations.
arches
built by the romans, allowed stronger and more durable structures
largest contiguous empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia
Manorialism
Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
neolithic era
The transition from hunting and gathering to settled farming around 10,000 BCE, which allowed the development of permanent settlements, cities, and complex societies. enabled the growth of civilizations.
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
Feudalism
Gothic style
type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
Byzantine Empire
Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.
Serfdom
A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation.