Chapter 12
Two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion
What is a Syllogism?
Assessing the information and choosing among two or more alternatives
What is decision making?
A system for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing propositions
What is Propositional Calculus?
A medical disorder that includes memory problems and other cognitive impairments
What is Dementia?
Intentional, goal-oriented activities that we use to improve our memories.
What are Memory Strategies?
People make judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of logic
What is the Belief-Bias Effect?
These individuals discovered the small-sample fallacy
Who are Tversky and Kahneman?
The first proposition or statement
What is Antecedent?
Language spoken to children
What is Child Directed Speech?
A person’s belief in his or her own potential to perform well on memory tasks
What is Memory Self-Efficacy?
People believe that two variables are statistically related
What is an illusory correlation?
This theory states that stereotypes can be traced to our normal cognitive processes
What is the Social Cognition Approach?
The proposition that comes second
What is Consequent?
Tendency to add regular morphemes inappropriately
What is Overregularization?
The tendency to extend a word’s meaning inappropriately
What is Overextension?
The theory that people tend to think that possible gains are different from possible losses
What is the Prospect Theory?
The fallacy that people typically underestimate the amount of time (or money) required to complete a project
What is the Planning Fallacy?
This theory emphasizes that there are two types of cognitive processing
What is the Dual-Processing Theory?
The individual that proposed the an explanation for overregularization in 1996
Who is Gary Marcus?
Context to make a reasonable guess about a word’s meaning after just one or two exposures
What is Fast Mapping?
Processing that can be considered fast and automatic; it requires little conscious attention.
What is Type 1 Processing?
Processing that is considered relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused attention, and it is typically more accurate.
A heuristic that states that a sample is likely if it is similar to the population from which this sample was selected
What is the Representativeness Heuristic?
This theory explains that children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs
What is the Rule-And-Memory Theory?
This approach emphasizes developmental issues that occur throughout one’s lifetime
What is the Lifespan Approach to Development?