Chronic Kidney
The final, permanent stage of chronic kidney disease is known as this.
End-Stage Renal Disease
The two most common causes of AKI include exposure to nephrotoxins and this.
Ischemia (insufficient blood supply)
This long-term dialysis access is created by surgical anastomosis of an artery and vein, usually the radial artery and cephalic vein and takes approximately 1 month to mature for use.
Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Most accurate measure of fluid volume status
Daily Weights
The IV administration of glucose and this medication is used to decrease serum potassium.
Insulin
These ions carry a positive electric charge
Cations
Sodium polystyrene binds with this electrolyte in the GI track and excretes it through the feces.
Potassium
Damage to the kidney over time causes progressive decline in kidney function; may be caused by diabetes mellitus, HTN, or cardiac disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease
A functional AV fistula has a palpable pulsation known as this.
Thrill
In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or Stage 5 kidney disease, the glomerular filtration rate is less than this.
15
Calculi, cancer, and prostatic enlargement can all be causes of this category of AKI
Postrenal AKI
Uses the principles of diffusion and ultrafiltration to remove electrolytes, waste products, and excess water from the body by taking blood through a dialyzer and returning it to the body after waste products are removed.
Hemodialysis
The measurement of the fluids that enter the body and the fluids that leave the body
Intake and Output
These block sodium and water reabsorption and thus promote urine output. Some inhibit aldosterone and inhibit fluid reabsorption. Some excrete potassium; some spare it and allow it to be reabsorbed back into the blood.
Diuretics
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the outside world
Homeostasis
Calcium acetate binds with this anion in the GI tract and excretes it in feces.
Phosphate
Rapidly progressive loss of kidney function is characterized by oliguria (voiding less than 500 mL per day) and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Can be the result of disturbed blood supply to the kidneys, toxins, or kidney trauma; it may be reversible or permanent.
Acute Kidney Injury
A functional AV fistula has an audible vascular sound associated with turbulent blood flow known as this.
Bruit
The pathophysiology of CKD varies depending on the underlying disease process and involves gradual destruction of this anatomical unit in the kidney.
Nephron
Sepsis, anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, and dehydration can all be causes of this category of AKI.
Prerenal AKI
Warmed, sterile dialysate is instilled through a catheter inserted into the peritoneal cavity. Metabolic waste products and excess electrolytes diffuse into the dialysate while it remains in the abdomen. The used fluid is then drained by gravity out of the peritoneal cavity into a sterile bag and disposed of.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Nurses should educate patients with kidney disease to consult their healthcare provider before using over-the-counter medications or these supplements.
Herbal
This loop diuretic may be used to manage the salt and water retention associated with AKI, "wash out" the nephrons when nephrotoxic drugs are used, and establish urine output to prevent oliguria and reduce the degree of azotemia and fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Furosemide
These ions carry a negative charge
Anions
0.45% normal saline is an example of what type of fluid
Hypotonic
There is not enough ADH secreted, leading to the body being unable to conserve water
Diabetes Insipidus
A long-term dialysis device a tube made of Gore-Tex, is surgically implanted and connects the artery and the vein.
AV graft
The leading cause of ESRD in all population groups in the United States, closely followed by HTN.
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, vasculitis, and nephrotoxic drugs can all be causes of this category of AKI
Intrarenal AKI
This therapy can be used for patients with AKI who cannot tolerate large volumes of fluid removal by hemodialysis and includes continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD)
Continuous renal replacement therapy
Meticulous skin care is needed to prevent skin breakdown, and this medical term for itching.
Pruritus
This common antidiabetic drug should be avoided in clients with AKI or CKD due to it being eliminated by the kidneys.
metformin (Glucophage)
This fluid has two primary constituents: the intravascular fluid, a component of the blood (called plasma), and the interstitial fluidthat surrounds all cells not in the blood
Extracellular
Positive Chvostek sign (twitching of facial muscles in response to tapping over the area of the facial nerve) may be present when this electrolyte is low
Magnesium
There is too much ADH secreted, leading to the body holding on to water
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Medications that could be removed by dialysis such as digoxin, water-soluble vitamins, and certain antibiotics or antihypertensives and other medications that can affect blood pressure should be administered _____________ hemodialysis.
BEFORE
DURING
AFTER
After
Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects this ethnic group, along with those with low incomes.
African Americans
The lack of blood supply or ischemia to the tubular epithelial cells results in this abrupt and progressive decline of renal function.
Acute Tubular Necrosis
A client performing peritoneal dialysis at home is likely experiencing this when having clinical manifestations of a rigid, tender abdomen, fever, and elevated WBC.
Peritonitis
Teach clients that foods containing this positively charged cation and found in abundance in processed foods should be avoided.
This sympathetic neurotransmitter improves cardiac output and dilates blood vessels of the mesentery and kidneys when given in low therapeutic doses.
Dopamine
The movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration
Osmosis
D5NS (5% dextrose in normal saline), and D5LRS (5% dextrose in lactated Ringer solution) are examples of what type of fluid
Hypertonic
Too much fluid in the body may be caused by excessive fluid intake (IV fluid administration, water intoxication) or inadequate fluid excretion (e.g., kidney failure, poor perfusion to the kidneys secondary to congestive heart failure, low cardiac output, hypertension [HTN]).
Fluid Volume Excess
Teach the client to avoid using the extremity with dialysis access for the following:
a. IV placement, flu shots, and high-fives
b. IV placement, monitoring BP, and flu shots
c. Flu shots, any use over the client's head, and flu shots
d. Flu shots, hand-flexing exercises, and blood draws
B
This refers to the syndrome or group of symptoms associated with ESRD where fluid and electrolyte balance is altered, the regulatory and endocrine functions of the kidney are impaired, and accumulated metabolic waste products affect essentially every other organ system.
Uremia or Uremic Syndrome
The third most common cause of hospital-acquired AKI
Contrast-induced nephropathy
This procedure, first performed in 1954, has been shown to increase the survival rate and quality of life for ESRD patients.
Kidney Transplant
Teach the client that the inability to palpate a thrill, or numbness, or tingling in the extremity where their AV graft is located could be the following serious complication.
Clot
You may use this medication when your client is experiencing metabolic acidosis.
Fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior
Isotonic
This hormone regulates water excretion from the kidneys
Antidiuretic hormone
Fluids are lost secondary to diarrhea, vomiting, inability to take in fluids, excessive perspiration, or increased basal metabolic rate due to fever, hyperthyroidism, or medications.
Fluid volume deficit (dehydration)
The basic approach where the potassium level of the patient plus the dialysate potassium concentration should equal approximately 7.
“Rule of 7's”