Kidney Anatomy
What is the Bowman's capsule?
Cup-like shape surrounding the glomerulus
Name the four refractive media in the eye
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor
What is another word for the eardrum?
the tympanic membrane
What is a negative side effect of kidney transplant?
This treatment requires patients to take lifelong immunosuppressant drugs.
Identify the shape of the lenses needed to correct myopia and hyperopia
Myopia: Concave lenses
Hyperopia: Convex lenses
What is the Glomerulus?
High-pressure capillary network where non-selective filtration of blood occurs.
Name the structure that receives and detects light in the eye
Retina
This fluid-filled structure contains hair cells that generate electrochemical signals.
The cochlear
What does haemodialysis do?
Pumps blood through an external artificial membrane unit multiple times a week to remove toxic urea.
How does laser eye surgery work?
Uses lasers to permanently reshape the curvature of the cornea, adjusting its refractive power to accurately focus light onto the retina.
What is the Loop of Henle and what main function happens at this site?
A U-shaped structure where reabsorption occurs
Accommodation is...
The shape of the lens changes to focus on objects
These three tiny middle ear bones amplify sound vibrations transferred from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
the ear ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup / malleus, incus, stapes)
How does peritoneal dialysis work?
Introduces a dialysate fluid into the abdominal cavity, using the body's own peritoneal membrane as the filter.
How do hearing aids work?
Hearing aids work by using a microphone to detect sound waves, an amplifier to magnify their acoustic energy, and a speaker to direct the amplified sound into the ear canal to more effectively vibrate the tympanic membrane.
Name the 3 main structures of the kidney
Renal cortex (the smooth outer layer that contains nephrons), Renal medulla (the dark inner tissue of pyramid structures that regulate the concentration of urine) & the Renal pelvis (white funnel-shaped space in the centre that collects urine and channels it into the ureter.)
If the eye needs to focus on something far away, the suspensory ligaments will .... to make the lens ....
Tense to make the lens thin
What marks the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear
Oval window
How are cataracts treated?
Surgery to remove and replace the clouded natural lens with a clear artificial lens
Of the 3 processes that occur in the nephron, what is the only one that can be effectively simulated by haemodialysis and why can't the other 2 processes not be done?
Filtration because of the semipermeable membrane. Reabsorption and secretion cannot be done due to active transport.
The blood vessel taking blood INTO the glomerulus is wider than the vessel taking blood OUT. What does this difference in diameter create inside the glomerulus?
High blood pressure to force fluid out of the blood and into Bowman's capsule
Compare myopia with hyperopia
Myopia is nearsightedness (poor distance vision), while hyperopia is farsightedness (poor near vision).
What is conductive hearing loss?
Hearing loss caused by damage or blockage to the outer or middle ear that prevents physical vibrations from reaching the cochlea.
Explain how a cochlear implant works
This technology bypasses non-functional hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Explain how Bone Conduction Implants work
Microphones and sound processors attached to a surgical implant that bypass damaged outer/middle ears by transmitting sound vibrations directly through skull bone to the cochlea.