A & P
Renal Variants
Pathology
Renal Infections
Renal Obstructions and Stones
100

The Urinary system consists of ___ sections 

two 

100

Which variant has the lower poles of both kidneys fused together, which are positioned anterior to the abdominal aorta and IVC? 

Horseshoe Kidney 

100

What is the most common cause of Acute Renal Failure (ACF)? 

Acute Tubular Necrosis

100

What is Pylonephrosis? 

Pus in the collecting ducts of the kidney(s)

100

What are the categories of hydronephrosis/ renal obstruction? 

Mild Moderate and Severe/Marked. 

Mild: distention of the renal pelvis 

Moderate: distention into the calyces and medullary pyramids 

Severe/marked: extends into the cortex and causes severe thinning of the parenchyma 

 

200

What is the functional unit of the kidney 

nephron 
200

When a kidney appears to have a bulge or cortical thickening on the lateral border of the kidney it is called...

Dromedary Hump 

200

What is the most common cause of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)? 

Diabetes Mellitus 

200

What is an ascending infection that begins in the bladder, then makes its way up the ureters and into the kidney(s)? 

Acute Pylonephritis 

200

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic causes? 

Intrinsic causes: Irregularities that lead to renal obstruction that are located INSIDE the urinary tract 

Extrinsic causes: Abnormalities that are located OUTSIDE of the urinary tract that lead to urinary obstruction

300

Which kidney is located higher and is typically longer? 

The left kidney (this is because of the positioning of the liver) 

300

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract? 

Duplex Kidney 

300
Which cystic disease can lie dormant for many years until later in adulthood, in the 3rd or 4th decade of life  

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) 

300

What is the most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections? 

Candida Albicans 

300

What is the most common place for a stone to become lodged in (Urolithiasis)? 

UVJ

400

Name the four protective coverings/layers of the kidney from outer to inner 

The pararenal layer, renal fascia, perirenal layer and the renal capsule

400

What is the renal variant called when the renal column is enlarged and gives the appearance of a mass on US? 

Hypertrophic Column of Bertin 

400

What is an inherited disorder that is characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and orbits?

Von-Hippel-Lindau Syndrome 

400

What infection can occur in the kidneys that is caused by a distant infection (like a throat infection or autoimmune reaction)? 

Glomerulonephritis 

400

What is a staghorn calculus 

A stone that completely fills and takes on the shape of the renal pelvis 

500

Within the cortex, the triangular-shaped medullary pyramids are separated by the _______ __ ______ ? 

Columns of Bertin 

500

What is the complete absence of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys? 

Renal Agenesis 

500

Which disorder has clinical signs and symptoms of epilepsy and lesions on the face? 

Tuberous Sclerosis 

500

What infection is typically caused by E. coli, is rare yet life-threatening, that allows gas to accumulate in the renal parenchyma? 

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis 

500

What are the different forms of nephrocalcinosis? 

Medullary Nephrocalcinosis (sponge kidney): the renal pyramids are filled with small stones that are highly echogenic and don't shadow 

Cortical Nephrocalcinosis: Small calculi are found within the cortex.