A & P
The Urinary system consists of ___ sections
two
Which variant has the lower poles of both kidneys fused together, which are positioned anterior to the abdominal aorta and IVC?
Horseshoe Kidney
What is the most common cause of Acute Renal Failure (ACF)?
Acute Tubular Necrosis
What is Pylonephrosis?
Pus in the collecting ducts of the kidney(s)
What are the categories of hydronephrosis/ renal obstruction?
Mild Moderate and Severe/Marked.
Mild: distention of the renal pelvis
Moderate: distention into the calyces and medullary pyramids
Severe/marked: extends into the cortex and causes severe thinning of the parenchyma
What is the functional unit of the kidney
When a kidney appears to have a bulge or cortical thickening on the lateral border of the kidney it is called...
Dromedary Hump
What is the most common cause of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)?
Diabetes Mellitus
What is an ascending infection that begins in the bladder, then makes its way up the ureters and into the kidney(s)?
Acute Pylonephritis
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic causes?
Intrinsic causes: Irregularities that lead to renal obstruction that are located INSIDE the urinary tract
Extrinsic causes: Abnormalities that are located OUTSIDE of the urinary tract that lead to urinary obstruction
Which kidney is located higher and is typically longer?
The left kidney (this is because of the positioning of the liver)
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract?
Duplex Kidney
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
What is the most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections?
Candida Albicans
What is the most common place for a stone to become lodged in (Urolithiasis)?
UVJ
Name the four protective coverings/layers of the kidney from outer to inner
The pararenal layer, renal fascia, perirenal layer and the renal capsule
What is the renal variant called when the renal column is enlarged and gives the appearance of a mass on US?
Hypertrophic Column of Bertin
What is an inherited disorder that is characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and orbits?
Von-Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
What infection can occur in the kidneys that is caused by a distant infection (like a throat infection or autoimmune reaction)?
Glomerulonephritis
What is a staghorn calculus
A stone that completely fills and takes on the shape of the renal pelvis
Within the cortex, the triangular-shaped medullary pyramids are separated by the _______ __ ______ ?
Columns of Bertin
What is the complete absence of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys?
Renal Agenesis
Which disorder has clinical signs and symptoms of epilepsy and lesions on the face?
Tuberous Sclerosis
What infection is typically caused by E. coli, is rare yet life-threatening, that allows gas to accumulate in the renal parenchyma?
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
What are the different forms of nephrocalcinosis?
Medullary Nephrocalcinosis (sponge kidney): the renal pyramids are filled with small stones that are highly echogenic and don't shadow
Cortical Nephrocalcinosis: Small calculi are found within the cortex.