Level of Measurement
How is Nominal level of measurement defined?
Categories
What is Measurement Error?
Other explanations for a score or alternative explanations
What is the purpose of Coefficient Alpha / Cronbah Alpha?
Used to quantify internal consistency/reliability
What is Baseline?
Period of time during which an outcome is measured repeatedly in the absence of the intervention
Define:
B (Intervention Only Design)
-The B design is a single phase (intervention only) design.
-The most frequently used single subject design.
-Only B design does not allow for evaluation of pre-intervention status, we do not know if there is a relationship between intervention and outcome.
How is Ordinal level of measurements defined?
Categories in a certain order
What is Random Measurement Error?
Error that occurs by chance, normal fluctuations, cancel each other out
Is having a higher or lower number better for a Coefficient Alpha / Cronbach Alpha?
Higher; closes as possible to 1
You should wait until a baseline initially stabilizes before applying the intervention.
True
AB (Baseline and Intervention Design)
-Two phase design consisting of a no-intervention baseline phase (A) and an intervention phase (B).
-The existence of a baseline allows for the establishment of a relationship between intervention and outcome.
-Susceptible to uncontrolled influences of extraneous variables (the non-spuriousness issue in causal inference), especially the history threat to internal validity.
How is Interval level of measurement defined?
Equal intervals
What is Systematic Measurement Error?
Bias, average score is influences into a particular direction
What would a score of 0.70 mean?
Adequate
What are the different types of Measures?
1. Standardized Measures
2. Observational Measures
3. Individual Rating Scales
4. Client Logs
Define:
ABA (Basic Withdrawal Design)
-A three phase design: 1) No-intervention baseline phase (A), 2) Intervention phase (B), and 3) No-intervention withdrawal phase (A).
-Allows for evaluation of pre-intervention and intervention problem status.
-More reliable establishment of a relationship between intervention and outcome than in the AB design.
How is Scale level of measurement defined?
Equal intervals and a 0 point
Which is worse: Random Error or Systematic Error
Systematic Error
At what score is reliability considered to be "very good"
0.80 or greater
What are the 8 characteristics of a Good Measure
1. Reliable
2. Valid
3. Sensitive to Change
4. Non-reactive
5. Direct
6. Easy to Use
7. Accessible
8. Relevant to intervention planning
Define:
BAB Design
-Sometimes an individual’s behavior is so severe that the researcher cannot wait to establish a baseline and must begin with an intervention.
-In this case, a B-A-B design is used. The intervention is followed by a baseline followed by the intervention.
Define:
Multiple Baseline Designs
-Allows for evaluation across clients, situations, or problems.
-True experimental design in that it allows for causal inference.
-Useful for evaluating situations where an intervention would be likely to bring about enduring changes in the dependent variable.