From This to That
Name 3 types of transfer
Positive transfer
Negative transfer
Zero transfer (neutral)
1. How does Gentile’s learning stages
model differ from the Fitts and Posner
model? Define each.
2. How does Gentile’s model relate
specifically to learning open and closed
skills?
3. Provide a motor skill example for each.
Fitts and Posner's model has 3 stages
1. Cognitive stage (beginner)
2. Associative stage (intermediate stage)
3. Autonomous stage (automated responses)
Gentile's model has 2 stages
1. Initial stage (trial and error stage to learn the regulatory and nonregulatory conditions of the task)
2. Later stage (goal is to acquire the movement pattern learned in the initial stage to the specific demands of any performance)
Closed skills require fixation of movement patterns in later stages (free throws; ax throwing; shooting at a stationary target at same distance)
Open skills require diversification of movement patterns in later stages (practice different kinds of passes in soccer and basketball; practice returning tennis serves or batting)
The following are examples of which type of transfer:
1. Ice skating and rollerblading
2. Vertical jump an rebounding a basketball
3. Surfing and snowboarding
Positive transfer
The following are examples of which type of transfer:
1. Driving a car in the US and driving in Europe
2. Baseball swing and a tennis forehand
3. Baseball swing and a golf swing
Negative transfer
List and describe the phases during vision in speed-accuracy tradeoff.
First Phase: movement preparation; assess regulatory conditions
Second Phase: first movement phase, initial flight phase, movement in direction of target; fast; open loop
Third Phase: termination phase; closed loop; precise corrections
List & Define each of the 4 characteristics of Gait
Provide a research example or a motor skill example for at least 2 of the characteristics
1. CPG's
- basis for stereotypical gait patterns
- formed by motor neuron activity in spinal cord generating rhythm & pattern of gait; needs proprioception to have smooth movement/coordinated movement (ex: running, walking, horses galloping, cats on a treadmill)
2. Rhythm
- distinct rhythm relationships b/w limbs (ex: dancing, walking, skipping)
3. Head Stability
- goal during gait is to be able to obtain accurate sensory info
- optimizes vision (ex: run and track a ball)
- least amount of head movement occurs at our preferred walking speed; naturally self select head movement at preferred speeds
4. Gait Transitions
- spontaneous change b/w walking and running