Just Breathe!!
Which of the two types of respiration is described as O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues
Cellular respiration
What percent of CO2 transported in the blood is bound to hemoglobin
20%
How many oxygens are bound to a hemoglobin molecule with 75% saturation level
3
What are the chemoreceptors in the aorta called?
What are the chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata called?
Peripheral chemorecptors
Central Chemoreceptors
When are inspiration/expiration active and/or passive
Inspiration is always active during exercise or rest
Expiration is passive when we're resting(quiet breathing), but it becomes active during exercise when we use our expiratory muscles.
The airways leading to and from the lungs are split into two functional zones...what are they and which one can gas exchange occur in
The conducting zone and respiratory zone
Gas exchange only occurs in the respiratory zone
Why are men able to transport more O2 in the blood than women?
Men have a higher concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
List 2 things that can bind to hemoglobin and lower the HbO2 affinity
H+ and 2-3DPG
Input sent to the respiratory control center can be classfied as two different types...what are they called? Which one is the primary drive to increase ventilatory rate
Neural and Humoral(bloodborne)
Neural input from the higher brain centers is the primary drive
How do we buffer acids?
Buffers remove H+ from the acids
Describe bulk flow and give an example of it
the movement of molecules along a passageway due to a pressure difference between the two ends of the passageway.
The airways leading from the atmosphere to the lungs and vice versa
Where does the chloride shift takes place? What about the reverse chloride shift?
Systemic capillaries at the working muscle
Alveolar capillaries at the alveoli
What 2 factors can cause an increase in 2-3DPG production
High altitude and anemia
Calculate the pressure gradient between inspired PO2 and alveolar PO2? Would high altitude increase or decrease the rate of diffusion? justify your answer
159mmHg - 104mmHG=55mmHg
At high altitude the PO2 of inspired air would be lower which would decrease the pressure gradient and therefore decrease rate of diffusion based on the Fick's law of gas diffusion formula
What is the airflow formula? Name two things that decrease the primary factor contributing to the denominator of that formula
P1-P2/airway resistance
The primary factor contributing to airway resistance is a decrease in the diameter of the airway and two things that case that are asthma and COPD
List and briefly describe the 3 3-dimensional physical factors that help the function of our mechanical breathing. (Choose one phase, inspiration or expiration)
Inspiration: chest volume is increasing
1. Diaphragm contracts: vertical dimension of thoracic cavity increases
2. Ribs are elevated and the thoracic cavity widens laterally
3. The inferior portion of the sternum moves laterally and the thoracic cavity expands
From the overview of respiration, describe how O2 from the atmosphere gets to our working muscles as thorough as you can
When we inspire, the atmospheric pressure of PO2 is higher than it is in the alveoli, so if the air makes it through the conducting zone and reaches the alveoli, the O2 will diffuse into the alveoli. Then again because of the PO2 gradient, the O2 will then diffuse from the alveoli into the blood and bind to hemoglobin. The oxygenated blood makes its way back to the heart where the LV will pump it to the working muscles
What kind of shift on the HbO2 curve would we see if we increased exercise intensity?
Downward and to the right
Our respiratory muscles are most similar to what type of skeletal muscle? What adaptations can our respiratory muscles receive with endurance training?
Type 1
Increased Mito density, increased capillary density, increased [mb], increased [Hb], increased amount of oxidative enzymes, decreased frequency of side-stitches
Does the pulmonary system limit maximal exercise performance? Justify your answer
Our respiratory muscles are highly resistant to fatigue and do not not limit our performance during submax exercise , but they can fatigue during very high exercise intensity(90%+ VO2 max)and can limit maximal exercise performance
Lis the adaptations of the lungs in response to aerobic/endurance training?
The lungs themselves do not adapt in response to training
Explain completely how we transport CO2 as bicarbonate
CO2 produced in the working muscle goes into the RBCs in the capillaries at the working muscle. It combines with water to form carbonic acid(H2CO3) which dissociates into a H+ and bicarbonate(HCO3-). HCO3- leaves the RBC and enters the blood plasma and is replaced with a cl-. HCO3- travels in the blood plasma all the way to the alveoli where it reenters the RBC and binds with the H+ to form H2CO3 which turns back into H2O and CO2.
List 3 ways that an increased use of ATP hydrolysis can decrease %Hb saturation
1. Increased H+ can lower pH and lower pH decreases the affinity so Hb will drop off more oxygen and become less saturated
2. Energy released as heat will increase the temp which decreases the affinity so Hb will drop off more oxygen and become less saturated
3. H+ can also directly bind to Hb and decrease the affinity for O2
What factors stimulate the carotid body? What type of receptors detect those factors? Choose a stimulus and describe our response to increasing and decreasing that stimulus
If the peripheral chemoreceptors detect an increase in PCO2 they'll send the afferent message to the respiratory control center to increase breathing. If they detect a decrease in PCO2 they'll send an afferent message to the respiratory control center to decrease breathing.
How many molecules off O2 can myoglobin bind to? Why does myoglobin only drop off O2 at the mitochondria?
1
Because myoglobin has a really high affinity for oxygen and will only drop it off to places with very low PO2 and the mitochondria are where the PO2 is the lowest in the muscle cell.