Glycogen Metabolism
This enzyme phosphorylates glucose into G6P
What is Hexokinase
The classification of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups
What are Kinases
The AMPK Pathway responds to this type of stress
What is metabolic stress
The rate limiting enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle
What is Isocitrate dehydrogenase
The regulator of PDH Phosphatase
What is calcium
The enzyme that phosphorylates glycogen to G1P
What is glycogen phosphorylase
Where the process of creatine being resynthesized into PCr takes place
What is the Mitochondria
The most mechanosensitive protein
What is JNK
The inhibitors of citrate synthase
What is ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA
The activators of PDH Kinase
What is Acetyl-CoA, ↑ ATP/ADP, ↓ NAD/NADH
The allosteric regulators of PFK
What is AMP, ADP, ATP, citrate
Fill in the blanks: PCR is used ____ but resynthesized _____.
anaerobically, aerobically
Abnormal cell growth occurs when this protein is always on
What is ERK
Enzyme in the Krebs Cycle that is inhibited by ATP but activated by ADP and NAD+
What is Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Some activators of glycolysis include
What is ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate, increase in pH
Explain why energy from PCr is the most readily available
Creatine kinase activity is higher at rest than other enzymes (i.e. PFK), does not require much stimulation to initiate) more reactive, quicker to occur
Normal stim. = muscle size
Constant stim. = apoptosis
The enzyme that is inhibited by NADH and succinyl-CoA and activated by AMP
What is ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Increased epinephrine increases/stimulates these enzymes...
Hormone sensitive lipase: increases lipolysis (triglycerides (storage) -> FFA (usable form))
Glycogen phosphorylase: increases G6P, reduces free inorganic phosphates, accelerating glycolysis
Explain the NAD+ dependent step...
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)
- NAD+ is an electron acceptor that carries electrons to the ETC, making ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic), or re-oxidized in fermentation by LDH (anaerobic)
- NAD+ needs to be regenerated by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid, moving H+ into the mitochondria via LDH enzyme
Explain the benefits of creatine supplements
Allows you to do more work if max. work is done
Must use it the right way to gain adaptations: more reps, harder training, increased intensity, etc.
Delays depletion of PCr
Explain tthe function of 4E-BP1
In basal state, prevents translation
Deactivated by mTOR
Activators: ADP, Ca2+, NAD+
Inhibitors: ATP, NADH
Explain oxidative phosphorylation
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Krebs -> ETC
- Electrons from NADH and FADH are passed along cytochromes (carriers) to produce ATP
- NADH produces 2.5 ATP
- FADH produces 1.5 ATP