Anaerobic Glycolysis 1
4
Which enzyme catalyzes the first reaction for glucose
hexokinase
Why is the production of lactate useful in energy metabolism?
energy production, preventing acidosis, glucose production
How many aCoA formed by the 2 pyruvate molecules
2 (each pyruvate forms 1)
How do hormones act to break fats down into individual fatty acids during exercise? What is the key enzyme? (mobilization stage)
epi and norepi bind to a beta-adrenergic receptor which sets into effect the chain of events for mobilization (cAMP -> PKA -> hormone sensitive lipase -> release of FA), hormone sensitive lipase
How many ATP are expended for glucose and glycogen
2,1
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction for glycogen
phosphorylase
What are the fates of lactate
1. oxidized to CO2 and H2O in Kreb's and ETC, utilized for energy in heart, skeletal muscle and brain
2. gluconeogenesis
3. converted into metabolic intermediates
4. secreted in sweat and urine
How many NADH are formed in the conversion of a pyruvate to an aCoA
2 for each conversion
What factors influence the uptake of fatty acids by skeletal muscle during exercise (circulation and uptake stage)
rate of blood flow and concentration of FA in the blood
Why is net ATP higher for glycogen
it expends one less ATP because it doesn't spend one in the first step
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction for the third step and is the primary rate limiting enzyme
PFK
Which method removes the majority of lactate
oxidizing
For each aCoA that enters Kreb's, what energetic products are produced
1 ATP
net 3 NADH
1 FADH
(2,6,2)
What substance shuttles the FA into the mitochondria during activation and translocation
carnitine
How many NADH produced in glycolysis
2
LDH
Explain the Cori Cycle
lactate goes out of the muscle, into the liver, is converted to glucose and glycogen by the process of gluconeogenesis
How many ATP from NADH and FADH
2.5, 1.5
ATP/PCr: creatine kinase
glycolysis: PFK
Kreb's: isocitrate dehydrogenase
ETC: cytochrome oxidase
What is the difference in NADH production between aerobic and anaerobic
How many carbons in a pyruvate molecule vs a glucose molecule
3 vs 6
Why do we move at light intensities after exercising to help with the removal of lactate?
1. helps clearance and lower blood acidity
2. helps skeletal muscle oxidize the lactate
3. increased blood flow helps lactate dissipate
Describe ETC process
NADH activates pump 1 -> 4 H into intermembrane -> 2nd 4H, 3rd 2H -> proton gradient of 10 H goes out, 4 H come back in through pump -> 2.5 ATP made from the 4 that come back in (10/4) -> electrons move down carriers to drive ATP production -> O2 final acceptor
What is happening in the beta oxidation phase of metabolism
fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon molecules of aCoA, (C/2)-1 for how many NADH and FADH are formed here