Ch. 2 Bioenergetics
What are the four forms of energy?
Chemical, Electrical, Heat, and Mechanical
What is the anaerobic system?
glycolysis
What amount of time during exercise emphasizes ATP-PC?
The first 30 seconds.
What are the aerobic systems?
Krebs Cycle, Electron-Transport Chain, Aerobic Glycolysis
What primary fuel source is used during anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism?
glucose
What are essential amino acids?
nine amino acids that must be ingested in food, because we cannot synthesize them
What substrates are used for glycolysis?
glucose, ATP, and NAD+
Location of aerobic metabolism in the cell?
the mitochondria
What is the role of oxaloacetate?
Combines with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate
What does anaerobic metabolism provide energy for?
during high-intensity, short-duration maximal physical activity
Role of enzymes?
facilitate chemical reactions
Short-term benefits of creatine?
increased power and ability of work performed
What does substrate use depend on?
availability, amount of energy produced by substrate, intensity, and duration of activity
Describe the Cori Cycle.
produces glucose from lactate even at rest
Transamination vs. Deamination
Transmaination: The amino group is transferred to keto acid
Deamination: The amino group creates ammonia (NH3)
Catabolic vs. Anabolic reaction
Catabolic Reaction: breaking down of substrate into molecules, releasing energy
Anabolic Reaction: using energy to form a product from separate molecules
What enzyme breaks PC into creatine and Pi?
creatine kinase
What are myths about lactate?
it causes delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
What are aerobic adaptations to exercise training?
Slow-twitch muscle fibers contract repeatedly without fast fatigue and oxygen supplies energy for continuous movement
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
What is ATP composed of?
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate molecules
Describe the net production of glycolysis
1 glucose > 2 pyruvate or lactate
2 ADP > 2 ATP
1 NAD+ > 2NADH
What are the three stages of oxidative phosphorylation?
1. Acetyl-CoA from catabolism of pyruvate enters the Krebs Cycle.
2. For each acetyl-CoA molecule, Krebs cycle produces 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
3. The electron transport chain facilitates the majority of ATP production.
What is the lactate shuttle hypothesis?
lactate may also be used by tissues, including skeletal muscle to synthesize glycogen or pyruvate (which would enter aerobic metabolism)
What is EPOC?
excess post oxygen consumption; oxygen debt to represent energy "borrowed" from anaerobic metabolism to perform exercise