Intro/History/Body Structure
In anatomical position, the palms face _______.
Forward
The hip performs SEVEN actions. Name them all.
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Internal Rotation, External Rotation, Circumduction
The Rectus Femoris muscle has two actions. What are they?
Hip flexion & knee extension
Ulnar/Radial Deviation
Name two muscles that perform scapular protraction.
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Provide an example of a hinge joint found in the body.
Ulnahumeral (elbow)
Interphalangeal (fingers)
An athlete rolls their ankle into EVERSION. What ligament is likely damaged?
Deltoid ligament
A patient presents with Trendelenburg Gait. What structure is likely weak?
Gluteus Medius
________ is fibrocartilage that acts to deepen the glenoid cavity and stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
Labrum
What are the origins of the biceps brachii?
Long head: superior to the glenoid fossa
Short head: coracoid process
During bone maintenance, _________ produce new bone whereas ________ breaks down old bone.
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
A patient reports pain with a valgus stress test. What structure is likely damaged?
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
What is the innervation to the Obturator Internus muscle?
Nerve to the obturator internus
Name the FIVE joints that make up the shoulder.
Glenohumeral, Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Coracoclavicular, Scapulothoracic
Name the muscle that performs extension of the 5th proximal phalanx, MCP joint and weak wrist extension.
Extensor Digiti Minimi
There are three types of cartilage in the body. Name them and provide an example.
Hyaline - covers articulation surfaces
Fibrocartilage - meniscus, labrums
Elastic - ear lobes, tip of nose
The joint found between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges is called the _____________ joint.
The Peroneus (Fibularis) muscles all perform eversion. However, the Peroneus Longus and Brevis also perform ______ and the Tertius performs ________.
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
A baseball pitcher hears a "pop" in his elbow while pitching followed by immediate pain. What structure is likely damaged? How would you test it? What is the surgical option?
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL). Valgus stress test of the elbow. Tommy John Surgery: use of the palmaris longus.
Muscles that originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus perform majority what action?
Flexion of the wrist - Common Flexor Tendon
Describe the sliding filament theory.
Occurs in the sarcomere, which is the smallest single unit of contraction in a muscle. First described in 1954. Actin and myosin are found in the sarcomere and are the main proteins responsible for force generation. Myosin (thick filament) attaches to Actin (thin filament) and form a binding site. A powerstroke occurs, moving the Myosin, bringing the Actin closer together. A detachment occurs, which requires ATP. This is a cyclical process that continues until the demand on the muscle is lost.
What is the argument for barefoot running?
History - we used to not wear shoes
Fat Pad - structure designed to protect calcaneus
Ligaments - supportive structures found on both medial and lateral sides to prevent bone translation
Intrinsic & Extrinsic muscles
The Flexor Digitorum Longus originates on the _________.
Posterior tibia
A basketball player "jammed" their pointer finger during a game. Name all the structures that could be involved.
Distal phalanx, volar plates, collateral ligaments, annular pulleys (retinaculum), flexor/extensor digitorum tendons
What structures are involved in the anatomical stuffbox?