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Who, what and how
What happens
What we learn
Parts
Colors and directions
100
Who performed work on spinal reflexes and coined the term synapse? A) Sir Charles Sherrington B) Wilder Penfield C) Alan Hodgkin or D) Andrew Huxley
A) Sir Charles Sherrington
100
When an object is on the left of a visual field, what parts of the retina "see" the object? A) Left temporal, left nasal B)Left temporal, right nasal C) Left nasal, right nasal D) Left nasal, right temporal
D) Left nasal, right temporal
100
If you are trying to prevent a fall, which limbs will extend? A)None of the muscles activate B)None of the muscles on both sides activate C) Opposite to the direction of the fall D) Same side as the direction of fall
C) Opposite to the direction of the fall
100
What are the layers of the meninges from deep to superficial? A) Arachnoid, dura, pia B) Pia, arachnoid, dura C) Dura, pia, arachnoid D) Dura, arachnoid, pia
B) Pia, arachnoid, dura
100
In the retina, rods respond to what while cones respond best to what light? A) Colored, black and white B) Bright, dim C) Black and white, colored D) Dark, bright
C) Black and white, colored
200
What is presented in the primary cortex? A) Specific, individual muscles B) Movements C) Muscles groups D) A general plan of motion
B) Movements
200
What do dendrites on a neuron do? A) Take in signals B) Send out signals C) Take in and send out signals D) Whatever they feel like
A) Take in signals
200
Where are the cones most prevalent in the retina? A) No cones in the retina B) Cones are disturbed evenly throughout C) The periphery D) The center (fovea)
D) The center (fovea)
200
The what has imput to the basal ganglia which has an output to the what? A) Brainstem, cerebellum B) Cortex, cortex C) Cortex, brainstem D) Peripheral nerves, cortex
B) Cortex, cortex
200
Which of the following is not a major artery of the brain? A) Anterior cerebral B) Posterior cerebral C) Middle cerebral D) Internal cerebral
D) Internal cerebral
300
If a bar of light were to rotate from horizontal (-) to vertical(l), what would you expect? A) All cells in visual cortex B) Only half the cells in cortex fire C) Cells fire depending on bar orientation D) Bar? Where's the bar?
C) Cells fire depending on bar orientation
300
A significant change in dopamine levels in the basal ganglia will always result in: A) Movement disorders B) Increased indirect pathway output C) Decreased indirect pathway output D) Nothing happens
A) Movement disorders
300
Ventral horms deal with what neurons while dorsal horns deal with what neurons? A) Afferent, efferent B) Efferent, afferent C) Afferent, sensory D) Efferent, motor
B) Efferent, afferent
300
Which of the following structures contain the Organ of Corti? A) Scala corti B) Scala vestibuli C) Scala typani D) Scala media
D) Scala media
300
Purkinje cells receive signals from where? A) Climbing fibers and deep cerebellar nuclei B) Climbing fibers and mossy fibers C) Mossy fibers and deep cerebellar nuclei D) Deep cerebellar nuclei and cortex
B) Climbing fibers and mossy fibers
400
Explain how a resting membrane potential can exist in a cell. What forces are on the ions, causing them to move (or not), and how movement of ions other than K+ is restricted.
K+ wants to diffuse out a cell because of difference in concentration (move from an area of high to low concentration). But it also wants to move into the cell due to voltage (moving from an area of positive charge to negative charge). * If an ion is not permeable to the cell than it cannot move freely inside or outside of the cell.
400
Describe the basic stretch reflex. Include the afferent information, where the reflex is being processed, and what efferent information is being sent where.
Muscle spindle is stretched and sends information to the spinal cord. Muscle spindle afferent nerve synapses with two nerves in the spinal cord. It depolarizes the alpha motor neuron for the quadriceps causing them to contract. It hyperpolarizes the alpha motor neuron to the hamstrings.
400
Explain EMG as if you were explaining it to someone who has never heard of it before. Make sure to tell what it is measuring in general, what it is used to measure specifically, and address the positives and negatives.
EMG measures muscle activity, specifically timing, force and fatigue. When a muscle fatigues, small motor units drop out and larger ones replace them. More muscle force equals more motor units recruited. An advantage of EMG is that we can see what i going on in our body as far as muscle activity. A disadvantage is the EMG will make it seem like muscle activity is increasing when it is really constant or decreasing.
400
List two localized areas in the cortex associated with language and how a deficit in each would present.
Broca's: Broca's aphasia- difficulty in producing language grammer & syntax are incorrect Wernicke's: Wernicke's aphasia- difficulty understanding language. Words are correctly put together.