Defining & Assessing Motor Learning
An S-shaped improvement performance curve is common for what kind of task?
complex tasks ... why?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages of motor learning?
a) Intermediate Stage
b) Fixation Stage
c) Cognitive Stage
d) Autonomous Stage
e) Automatic Stage
a + e
Which of the words defines a beneficial effect of prior learning on the learning of a new skill or the performance of a skill in a new context
a) negative transfer
b) retroactive transfer
c) positive transfer
d) proactive transfer
retroactive transfer
Low complexity/high organization is....
part or whole practice?
whole practice
give an example of low complexity/high organization
Give any example of a ceiling effect
My personal example:
One example of a situation in which I was attempting to measure learning was during an anatomy study group that I tutor weekly for UIC’s ASAP Center. In these group review sessions, I like to quiz the students by collecting the material from the week and formulating questions based on it. Then, I have the students try and answer these questions to determine where they are at, what they may be stuck on, and to devise a plan to help them improve on these questions. In the first week that I introduced practice quiz questions, as a new tutor, I did not realize that the questions I created were too easy. I quickly found that all of the students in the study group were able to answer all of my questions perfectly. My original goal was to tutor them with the areas they were weaker with and then give them the same quiz again next week to see if their scores improved. Here, I introduced an inappropriate test because I gave them a test that was just too simple for them (literately no room to improve). This led to a ceiling effect since I did not get the chance to tutor them after that quiz and to help their scores improve for the next time- everyone got 100% the first time around.
True or false: The stages occur strictly within stages and not on a continuum
False
While stages are helpful, learning occurs on a continuum and its not always clear cut stages
ex: being somewhere between cognitive stage and fixation stage
Learning skateboarding first had a beneficial effect on learning snowboarding later
a) Proactive, negative transfer
b) Retroactive, positive transfer
c) Retroactive, negative transfer
d) Proactive, positive transfer
d) Proactive, positive transfer
give your own example of a retroactive, negative transfer for fun
What are two techniques for part practice?
-fractionalization
-segmentation
Can learning still occur during a plateau? If so, what benefits would be gained?
YES
1. allows for different techniques to be tested
2. perceptual trace is developed
3. automaticity is gained
What are the 2 types of long term memory?
**BONUS QUESTION- 100 POINTS FOR EVERYONE** Is rehearsal the only way to get something to long term memory?
Declarative:
-knowing what to do
-demonstrated verbally
Procedural:
-knowing how to do something
-demonstrated through action
-give examples of each?
BONUS QUESTION ANSWER: NO!!!!
What is Bilateral/Interlimb Transfer
GMP states that once you learn invariant features, you can chose which limb to use. In other words, learning something on one hand will help you learn it on the other hand
Adding auditory cues is best for which type of practice?
Whole practice
Provide some factors that may temporarily lower performance even though you have learned something well. What does this mean about performance curves?
-Anxiety, fatigue, substance use are all examples of things that can temporarily lower performance.
This means that long-term gains can be overestimated or underestimated by performance curves -- essentially they aren't perfect representations
Explain what occurs in the Cognitive Stage of motor learning vs. the Autonomous Stage
Cognitive:
-emphasis on thinking, communication
-high attention requirement
-poor performance of the skill
Autonomous:
-emphasis on consistency and automaticity
-low attention requirement
-excellent performance
-perceptual trace developed
-better error detection
Which of the transfer of learnings is relatively rare?
What is the name for a device that imitates vehicles, machines, or instruments to provide practice experience before operating the actual device
A simulator
Name all the observable features of learning
1. improved performance
2. improved consistency
3. improved retention
4. improved generalization
Explain schema recall vs. recognition
Recall: Recall how to parameterizing something. The rule set for parameterizing the generalized motor programs
Recognition: Learning to parameterize and feelings what it feels like. Sensory consequences vs outcome.
For example, if a tennis player is going to hit a ball, they would have to recall where they are and what is expected of them to hit the ball. This is recalled whenever they go to make a similar shot. This is different from a recognition schema in the fact that recognition will now deal with sensory consequences. Going back to the previous example, when the tennis player hits the shot, recognition schema will take play in recognizing how the motion felt and how it looked. The player will get a sensory feeling from their arms, hands, etc and can also determine if the move looks to be going where it should be going. They are learning to parameterize and feel what the shot feels like and this usually occurs after the movement.
Name the importances of early removal (weaning) after transfer of learning following a physical guidance
-Inaccurate GMP can be developed
-Inaccurate perceptual trace can be developed (i.e. sensory consequences)
Name two reasons why reducing the speed of action helps for simplification of whole practice
-allows for better use of sensory feedback (closed-loop control)
-places emphasis on the relative-time relationships & spatial characteristics among skill components
-decreases interlimb "coupling" (spatial + temporal)
-adaptive training (inital slowing of task) increased the amount of learning
-reducing speed of a task can aid interlimb decoupling