r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
100
What is direct calorimetry? 1 cal = increase temperature of ___ g of water by
Measure of heat production
1 cal = increase temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
100
How can fuel use be determined?
if CO2 production is measured
CHO/FAT metabolism depends on O2 availability & produces CO2
100
How much oxygen is needed to combust x carbon glucose?
The number of oxygen is always equal to the # of carbon and the RER is 1
100
"Fat burns in the flame _______"
carbohydrates
100
What happens when lots of glycogen is depleted during prolonged high intensity exercise
decrease rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate
decrease Krebs cycle intermediates
decrease fat oxidation
200
What are sources of hormones?
endocrine glands
nerve fibers
other tissues such as kidneys
200
What are the magnitude of effect dependent on...?
Magnitude of effect dependent on…
How much Hormone is there
# of receptors on the cell
Affinity of the receptor
200
What term is "the combined activity of all the tissues regulating hormone release and control bodily function"
Neuroendocrinology
200
What are the 4 factors of how blood hormone concentration?
RATE OF SECRETION
RATE OF METABOLISM
QUALITY OF TRANSPORT PROTEIN
CHANGES IN PLASMA VOLUME
200
What is downregulation and what is upregulation?
Downregulation
Decrease in receptors in response to high hormones
Upregulation
Increase in receptors in response to low hormones
300
What are mechanisms of hormone action?
Altering DNA activity to modify PRO synthesis
Activating 2nd messenger via G protein
Altering membrane transport
300
What happens with non steroid hormone action?
Hormone cannot get through the membrane, there's need to be a receptor
Not derived by lipids
300
True or false do steroid hormones diffuse the the membrane response and are fat derivatives?
True!
300
Describe the Cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism?
Hormone enters G protein, activates adenylate cyclase
Uses ATP to activate cAMP
This activates PKA which triggers a cellular response such as…
300
Describe the phospholipase second messenger mechanism?
Phospholipase C
breaks down PIP2
phosphatidylinositol
IP3
inositol triphosphate
part of PIP2
causes Ca2+ release when it reaches the ER
Ca2+ activates calmodulin
Ca2+ binding protein
DAG activates PKC
More cellular responses
400
What are the functions related to exercise?
1. Alter enzyme activity
2. Alter membrane transport
3. Alter protein synthesis
400
What is the role of Growth Hormone on blood glucose?
GH is slow acting
It blocks glucose
GH is better in a trained person than non-trained
GH supports cortisol
GH increases with exercise intensity
400
Secretion is controlled by ____________.
Hypothalamus
400
Where is the release site and the primary action of Glucagon?
Release: Pancreas (alpha cells)
Primary Action: Increased nutrient release, and increase liver glycogenolysis and FFA release
400
What is the role of cortisol?
Slow acting
affect adipose tissue breakdown of triglyceride fatty acids
Around moderate intensity
Decrease during low-intensity
Increase during high-intensity
500
What is the site of release and primary action of Norepinephrine
Release: SNS FIBERs and adrenal medula
Action: Increase lipolysis and increase cardiorespiratory function
500
What is the maintenance of plasma glucose?
Increase pro breakdown for gluconeogenesis
Increase FFA mobilization
Increase glucose synthesis
Blocks uptake of glucose into cells
500
Plasma glucose is maintained by 4 processes... what are they?
1. Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores
2. Mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue (sparing)
3. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol
4. Blocking the entry of glucose into cells
500
What are fast acting hormones and what are slow acting hormones?
Fast-acting
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, and glucagon
Release quickly and fix things quickly
Permissive or slow-acting
Thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone
500
What are the effects of training on glucagon and insulin after training?
Maintenance of glucose with small triangles in insulin and glucagon
Increase glucagon sensitivity in liver
Decrease glucose uptake by muscle
Increase in muscle’s use of FFA for fuel
EPI can improve blood glucose