General Chemistry
This refers to the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
What is the atomic number?
These compounds are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond; another name for this class of compounds is olefins
What are alkenes?
The catabolic pathway of glucose oxidation to pyruvate; one glucose molecule that enters the pathway yields two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH
What is glycolysis?
Composed of RNA and protein, this organelle translates mRNA during protein synthesis
What is a ribosome?
The rate of change in the velocity of an object; related to force through mass and measured in m/s2
What is acceleration?
This refers to an ion that contains more than one atom (held together by covalent bonds)
What is a polyatomic ion?
This refers to a mixture that contains equal amounts of the (+) and (-) enantiomers of a chiral molecule
What is a racemic mixture?
A species that has both a positive and a negative formal charge, but with a net charge of zero; many amino acids are examples of this species at physiological pH
What are zwitterions?
The building blocks of proteins, each containing an NH2 group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain (or R group) attached to the alpha-carbon
What are amino acids?
The speed of light in a vacuum (c)
What is ~3.00 x 108 m/s?
This law states that the total energy of the universe is constant - energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Although they have chiral centers, these molecules are not optically active (achiral) because one side of the molecule is a mirror image of the other
What are meso compounds?
A molecule involved in the biosynthesis of epinephrine, this amino acid is the only one to have a phenolic group
What is tyrosine?
With both alpha and beta forms, this protein can polymerize into long chains/filaments which form microtubules - hollow fibers that serve as a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton
What is tubulin?
This term describes a thermodynamic process that occurs under constant pressure (ΔP = 0)
What is isobaric?
A strong dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an F, O, or N that electrostatically interacts with a lone pair of electrons on another F, O, or N atom; this phenomenon explains many properties found in water
What is hydrogen bonding?
In IR spectroscopy, the -OH group can be commonly identified as a broad peak that is located in this frequency range
What is 3200-3600 cm-1?
A common biochemistry lab method, this analytical technique identifies proteins that have been separated by SDS-PAGE and are recognized by an antigen-specific antibody
As the principal mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex, this steroid hormone targets the kidney tubules and increases renal absorption of sodium
What is aldosterone?
These devices are inserted around a resistive element to measure resistance; they are self-powered and have negligible resistance
What are ohmmeters?
(Daily Double!!)
Formulated by a chemist by the name of Germain, this law states that if a reaction occurs in several steps, then the sum of the energies absorbed or given off in all the steps will be the same as that for the overall reaction (ΔH is independent of the pathway of the reaction)
What is Hess's Law?
A reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone acts as both the electrophile and nucleophile, resulting in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond in a new molecule
What is an aldol reaction/condensation?
First proposed by Francis Crick, this states that certain bases in the first position of a tRNA anticodon could undergo noncanonical hydrogen bonding with several different mRNA codons
What is the Wobble Hypothesis?
What is the enteric nervous system?
These insulators are placed between the plates of a capacitor, which increases capacitance by a factor κ
What are dielectric materials?