Human Evolution
What does opposable mean?
Capable of facing and touching other digits on the same hand, can be used for grabbing
Define cultural evolution
Controlled by an environmental stimulus
When intraspecific competition increases what happens to population size?
Reduces
What is the growth hormone in plants called?
Auxin
What are three advantages of bipedalism?
Hands free to hold young, can see further, more energy efficient to move greater distances, better heat regulation
What are the three types of stone tools from oldest to newest?
Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian
What is the rhythm called when they are active at dusk and dawn?
Crepuscular
When hierarchies are established what happens to the level of conflict in the group?
Reduces
Are homing and migration learned or innate? And what does the option you pick mean?
Innate- they are born with the knowledge/ability to do it (ie they don't have to be taught)
What were three skeletal changes seen going from quadrupedal to bipedal?
C to S-shaped spine
Pelvis shape- long and narrow to bowl shaped
Arm length decreased
Valgus angle instead of feet being straight under femur
Foramen magnum- back of head to underneath
Who started fire use?
H. sapiens
What is entrainment?
When the animals activity is synchronised with the Zeitgeber
What is the difference between a territory and a home range?
Territories are defended regions. It provides food, water, nesting areas, and refuges from danger. Ownership of a territory is signaled by vocalisations, scent marking and visual displays.
Home ranges are not defended and are generally larger. This is the area the animal covers regularly in search of food and mates.
What are the directional and non-directional responses called in plants and animals?
Plants: Nastic is non-directional and tropism is the directional movement
Animals: Taxis is directional whereas kinesis is non-directional
What is the multiregional theory?
H. erectus left Africa to Europe and Asia and they evolved in parallel to H. sapiens and had some genetic contact and gene flow
What are three positives of agricultural lifestyle?
Division of labour, specialisation, storing excess food, improved nutrition/health
What happens when the zeitgeber is changed for an animal?
A phase shift will occur where the animal responds until they are in sync with the zeitgeber again.
What are three advantages of a territory?
safe place to court, mate, rear young; food for survival and breeding; familiar area so know where to find things- saves energy
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of migration?
A- remain in favourable conditions, better access to food and other resources, reduces disease, reduces effect of predation...
D- may starve and die, may run out of energy, may get lost or blown off course...
We evolved from H. sapiens from Africa- migrated out of Africa
What are three negatives of an agricultural lifestyle?
Reliance on crops, restricted diet to what they grew or could trade, increased disease risk, fighting over resources
What is the difference between long and short day plants?
Long day plants require more sunlight than dark whereas short day plants require short days and long nights
What are two adaptations that predators have and two that prey have in order to increase survival?
Predator- camouflage, speed, eyes at the front of their head, sharp teeth and claws...
Prey- live in groups, defences, camouflage, mimicry, eyes at the side of their head for wide viewing...
What is the difference between homing and migration?
Homins is when an animal returns on a regular basis, whereas migration is typically annual movements from one geographical location to another