The Bourbon Overhaul
Which philosophy did the Bourbon kings use to modernize the empire while keeping absolute royal power?
Enlightened Despotism
In the colonial social hierarchy, who were the "Peninsulares"?
People born in Spain who held the highest government offices
Simón Bolívar gained the loyalty of the Llaneros (cowboys) by using what strategy?
Promoting soldiers based on merit and talent rather than race
What was the specific purpose of the "Free Womb" laws?
To prolong slavery by freeing children of enslaved women only after they worked for the master until adulthood
Why was the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata created in 1776?
To stop smuggling and redirect silver flow through Buenos Aires
What 1808 event served as the "crisis of legitimacy" that triggered independence movements?
What 1808 event served as the "crisis of legitimacy" that triggered independence movements?
José de San Martín led his army across the Andes Mountains to liberate which country before attacking Peru?
Chile
Who was Antonio Maceo, and why did his leadership concern white Cuban elites?
A Black general ("Bronze Titan") demanding racial equality; elites feared a "Black republic" like Haiti
What was the "fuero militar" given to Creole military officers?
Special legal privileges that protected them from civil courts
What was the "Mask of Ferdinand" strategy used by Creole leaders?
Claiming to rule for the imprisoned King while actually taking power for themselves
Which victory in 1824 officially ended Spanish rule in South America forever?
The Battle of Ayacucho
Describe how the abolition of slavery in Peru in 1854 led to a new system of "virtual slavery."
Owners used guano wealth to bring in Chinese "coolies" bound by harsh contracts that functioned as virtual slavery
What is the meaning of the two-word metaphor "extraction machine" regarding Spanish policy?
Spain pulled silver from colonies to pay for European wars rather than building local industry
Which 1804 victory in the Caribbean terrified landowners who feared a massive slave revolt?
The independence of Haiti
How did San Martín recruit Black and Mulatto volunteers for his military campaigns?
By promising them freedom in exchange for fighting
Unlike its neighbors, how did Brazil achieve independence?
It became a monarchy under Dom Pedro
Explain the paradox of "growth without development" that occurred during the Bourbon Reforms.
rade and silver production increased (growth), but wealth was funneled to Spain and did not improve local lives/industry (no development)
What was "Creole Nationalism," and why did it develop?
A shift in identity where Creoles saw themselves as "American" rather than Spanish because they were barred from high office
In which city did San Martín and Bolívar hold their famous secret meeting in 1822?
Guayaquil
What was the Golden Law of 1888?
The law that finally ended the system of slavery in Brazil