Lab (1)
A patient has a serum potassium level of 2.8 mEq/L. What does this value suggest?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Normal potassium level
D. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
Which lab value is used to assess kidney function?
A. Creatinine
B. Hemoglobin
C. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)
D. LDL cholesterol
A. Creatinine
Which macronutrient provides 9 calories per gram?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Protein
C. Fat
D. Alcohol
C. Fat
Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and supports growth hormone formation?
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
Which of the following is the primary extracellular cation?
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Phosphate
C. Sodium
Which mineral is regulated by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin?
A. Potassium
B. Phosphorus
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
C. Calcium
Which of the following is a common symptom of hypernatremia?
A. Diarrhea
B. Thirst and confusion
C. Muscle tremors
D. Constipation
B. Thirst and confusion
Which of the following lifestyle factors increases calorie consumption when poor in quality or quantity?
A. Exercise
B. Water intake
C. Sleep
D. Protein
C. Sleep
Which vitamin is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin D
Which fat raises LDL and lowers HDL, and should be avoided completely?
A. Saturated fat
B. Unsaturated fat
C. Trans fat
D. Omega-3 fat
C. Trans fat
Which of the following may cause an increase in BUN?
A. Low protein diet
B. Liver disease
C. GI bleed
D. Hypoglycemia
C. GI bleed
Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur in hypocalcemia?
A. GI bleeding
B. Muscle weakness
C. Tingling around the mouth
D. Polyuria
C. Tingling around the mouth
Which of the following keeps you feeling full longer and helps maintain muscle?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Protein
C. Fiber
D. Fat
B. Protein
Which mineral helps regulate fluid balance and is found in bananas and potatoes?
A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Iron
D. Potassium
D. Potassium
Which of the following values is most likely to decrease with metabolic acidosis?
A. CO₂
B. Sodium
C. Glucose
D. Potassium
A. CO₂
Which electrolyte disturbance may cause ocular nystagmus, altered mental status, and seizures?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypomagnesemia
C. Hypophosphatemia
D. Hypernatremia
B. Hypomagnesemia
What would be the expected result in a patient with decreased albumin and total calcium measurement?
A. Falsely elevated calcium
B. No change in calcium
C. Falsely low calcium
D. Decreased phosphorus
C. Falsely low calcium
Which word on an ingredient label signals the presence of trans fats?
A. Saturated
B. Emulsified
C. Hydrogenated
D. Pasteurized
C. Hydrogenated
What is the recommended daily fiber intake for men?
A. 25 grams
B. 30 grams
C. 38 grams
D. 45 grams
C. 38 grams
A vegan diet may lack which essential nutrient needed for the nervous system?
A. Vitamin D
B. Iron
C. Vitamin B12
D. Zinc
C. Vitamin B12
Charles is a 70-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. He presents to the clinic for routine evaluation but reports increased fatigue and swelling in his ankles over the past two weeks. He takes lisinopril, metformin, and ibuprofen as needed for joint pain. On physical exam, he has bilateral 2+ pitting edema and elevated blood pressure (152/88 mmHg). His urine output has decreased slightly but is still present.
Recent Laboratory Results:
Sodium: 138 mEq/L
Potassium: 5.4 mEq/L
BUN: 44 mg/dL
Serum Creatinine: 2.6 mg/dL (baseline 1.1 mg/dL 3 months ago)
Glucose: 102 mg/dL
CO₂: 22 mEq/L
Which of the following lab values most strongly supports a diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this patient?
A. Sodium: 138 mEq/L
B. Glucose: 102 mg/dL
C. CO₂: 22 mEq/L
D. BUN: 44 mg/dL
E. Serum Creatinine: 2.6 mg/dL
E. Serum Creatinine: 2.6 mg/dL
HPI: Thomas is a 72-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (stage 3). He presents to the emergency department with confusion, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and decreased urine output over the past two days. His caregiver reports that he has been extremely thirsty and drinking large amounts of sugary beverages but has had minimal appetite. On exam, he is disoriented, has dry mucous membranes, delayed capillary refill, and signs of orthostatic hypotension.
Which laboratory abnormalities are most likely contributing to this patient's symptoms?
(Select all that apply)
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
E. Hyperglycemia
A. Hypernatremia and
E. Hyperglycemia
Lily, a 70 y/o female with a history of HTN and osteoporosis, recently experienced two falls. She spends most of her time indoors and consumes little to no dairy. She avoids animal products but takes multivitamins inconsistently. She complains of general muscle weakness, low mood, and joint discomfort.
What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Low vitamin K2
B. Excess magnesium
C. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency
D. High sodium intake
E. Iron overload
C. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency
Carlos, a 28 y/o male on a low-carb, high-protein diet presents with irritability, persistent fatigue, and irregular bowel movements. He avoids fruits, legumes, and whole grains. Physical exam shows dry skin and slow capillary refill. He drinks protein shakes multiple times a day but minimal plain water.
Which combination of nutritional issues best explains his symptoms?
A. Vitamin A and C deficiency
B. Excess protein and inadequate fiber and hydration
C. Iron overload and low sodium
D. Low saturated fat and low potassium
E. Deficient fat-soluble vitamins and excess calcium
B. Excess protein and inadequate fiber and hydration
Lily is a 77-year-old female with a history of heart failure and chronic diuretic use who presents to the clinic with new-onset muscle weakness, constipation, and fatigue. She denies recent illness or changes to her medications.
Based on the patient’s symptoms, what laboratory value do you expect to be abnormal?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. CO₂
D. Phosphorus
E. Glucose
A. Potassium