1. Heart Sounds, Blood Pressure, and Physical Fitness
Clue: The "Lub" heart sound (S1) is caused by the closure of these heart valves.
Answer: What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid)?
Clue: This protein in red blood cells binds oxygen for transport throughout the body.
Answer: What is hemoglobin?
Clue: This device measures lung volumes and capacities during respiratory assessments.
Answer: What is a spirometer?
Clue: The presence of glucose in urine is referred to as this condition.
Answer: What is glycosuria?
Clue: This enzyme begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Answer: What is salivary amylase?
The first component of a reflex arc.
What is a Receptor?
Clue: Blood pressure readings consist of these two values.
Answer: What are systolic and diastolic pressures?
Clue: These cell fragments play a crucial role in blood clotting.
Answer: What are platelets?
Clue: The volume of air exchanged during normal, restful breathing is called this.
Answer: What is tidal volume (TV)?
Clue: The presence of protein in urine, indicating possible kidney damage, is called this.
Answer: What is proteinuria?
Clue: Bile is produced by this organ to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Answer: What is the liver?
The type of neuron that carries signals from the receptor to the CNS.
What is a Sensory Neuron?
Clue: This medical instrument is used to listen to heart sounds.
Answer: What is a stethoscope?
Clue: The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells is known as this.
Answer: What is hematocrit?
Clue: This gas is the primary driver of respiration, influencing the breathing rate.
Answer: What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
Clue: The detection of ketone bodies in urine signifies this condition.
Answer: What is ketonuria?
Clue: Excessive consumption of this simple sugar is linked to metabolic syndrome.
Answer: What is fructose?
The part of the nervous system that processes reflex information.
What is the Integration Center?
Clue: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated using this formula involving systolic and diastolic pressures.
Answer: What is MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure)?
Clue: The most abundant type of white blood cell, essential in fighting bacterial infections.
Answer: What are neutrophils?
Clue: Hyperventilation decreases CO₂ levels, leading to this change in blood pH.
Answer: What is an increase in pH (respiratory alkalosis)?
Clue: Urine formation begins with this process in the glomerulus.
Answer: What is filtration?
Clue: This hormone lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
Answer: What is insulin?
The neuron that sends signals from the CNS to an effector.
What is a Motor Neuron?
Clue: These pressure receptors detect changes in arterial pressure and send signals to the brainstem to regulate blood pressure.
Answer: What are baroreceptors?
Clue: The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow is called this.
Answer: What is hematopoiesis?
Clue: Vital capacity (VC) is calculated by adding these three lung volumes together.
Answer: What are inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal volume (TV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Clue: The kidneys regulate blood pressure through this hormonal system.
Answer: What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Clue: Bile salts emulsify fats, increasing the surface area for these enzymes to act upon.
Answer: What are lipases?
The sense of body position and movement.
What is Proprioception?
Clue: An abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves is known as this.
Answer: What is a heart murmur?
Clue: Blood type is determined by the presence of these specific antigens on red blood cells.
Answer: What are ABO and Rh antigens?
Clue: This buffer system maintains blood pH by converting CO₂ and water into carbonic acid.
Answer: What is the bicarbonate buffer system?
Clue: Certain bacteria produce this enzyme during urinary tract infections, splitting urea into ammonia and raising urine pH.
Answer: What is urease?
Clue: Salivary amylase functions optimally within this specific pH range.
Answer: What is pH 6.7 to 7.0?
This principle says the sensation you perceive depends on which receptor is stimulated—not how it’s stimulated—so a photoreceptor struck by a pencil tip still makes you “see stars.”
Law of Specific Nerve Energies
Clue: This law explains how stroke volume increases with increased venous return to the heart.
Answer: What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?
Clue: This process involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation to prevent blood loss after injury.
Answer: What is hemostasis?
Clue: During hypoventilation, CO₂ accumulates, leading to this acid-base imbalance.
Answer: What is respiratory acidosis?
Clue: This hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by inserting aquaporin channels into the collecting ducts.
Answer: What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Clue: Chronic high sugar intake can lead to this condition characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels.
Answer: What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Small, densely packed receptive fields boost discriminative acuity, a concept you test with calipers during this classic tactile-acuity experiment.
Two-point discrimination test (two-point threshold)
Clue: The phase of the cardiac cycle when ventricles contract with all valves closed, causing no change in blood volume, is called this.
Answer: What is isovolumetric contraction?
Clue: The intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways converge with the activation of this clotting factor.
Answer: What is factor X?
Clue: The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts in this direction when CO₂ levels rise, pH decreases, or temperature increases, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.
Answer: What is to the right (the Bohr effect)?
Clue: The maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed from the renal tubules before it appears in urine is known as this.
Answer: What is the transport maximum (Tm)?
Excessive fructose consumption is linked to this liver disease, similar to that caused by alcohol abuse.
Answer: What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?
Cutaneous pressure receptors that rapidly adapt, falling silent during a constant stimulus but firing again when it’s removed, are classed as these receptors (the opposite of tonic).
Phasic receptors