Name That Label
Which theory explains how other people’s reactions can shape someone’s identity, opportunities, and later rule breaking?
Labeling theory
What term describes a mark of disgrace that socially discredits a person?
Stigma
Suspensions and expulsions remove students from ordinary classroom participation. What is the general name for these practices?
Exclusionary discipline.
Legal restrictions on licensing, housing, and other opportunities can continue beyond a criminal sentence. What are these restrictions called?
Collateral consequences
What concept describes people’s perception that teachers, judges, or police treat them fairly and equitably?
Procedural justice.
A court officially designates someone a delinquent. A neighbor calls that person a troublemaker. What are these two kinds of labels?
Formal label and informal label, respectively
Someone is a parent, student, and worker, but others see only their criminal record. What has that label become?
A master status: a status that dominates how others view and interact with the person.
A school imposes a harsh penalty for a first violation without considering the circumstances. What policy approach does this illustrate?
Zero tolerance.
Which reform removes the criminal-history checkbox from the initial job application? Does it necessarily eliminate later background checks?
Ban the box. No, employers may still consider criminal records later in the hiring process.
Residents view the law and its enforcers as illegitimate, unresponsive, and unable to ensure public safety. What is this outlook called?
Legal cynicism
Kai breaks a rule without a deviant label. Later, rejection following a label contributes to more rule breaking. What are these two forms of deviance?
Primary deviance and secondary deviance. Secondary deviance results from the effects of labeling.
“Everyone treats me as a troublemaker, so maybe that is who I am.” What process shapes self-concept through others’ perceived opinions?
Reflected appraisals
After a threat, a school examines its seriousness and identifies support to resolve the conflict peacefully. What is this alternative to automatic exclusion?
A school threat assessment
An old mugshot remains online and damages someone’s opportunities even after official record relief. What term does the chapter use for this continuing stigma?
Digital punishment.
After a humiliating sanction, a student with weak ties to the school rejects the shame and proudly breaks more rules in response. Which theory best explains this reaction?
Defiance theory
A supervisor believes all people with criminal records are unreliable, then refuses to hire any applicant with a record. What do we call the belief and the unequal treatment?
A stereotype and discrimination, respectively
After repeated rejection, Lee withdraws from conventional activities and finds belonging mainly in a deviant group. This role takes over Lee’s other social roles. What is this process?
Role engulfment
A school treats routine misconduct as a police matter. Explain one way this could increase justice-system contact and name an alternative from Chapter 11.
More police referrals or arrests could increase justice-system contact. Diversion can direct students toward programs that address their needs. Threat assessment is another alternative when a threat is involved.
A criminal record can act as a negative credential in hiring. Name two things discussed in the chapter that can help counter its stigma.
Any two: a favorable letter from a previous employer, a certificate of relief or rehabilitation, or an opportunity to build rapport with the hiring manager.
Two people receive the same sanction, but only one responds with more offending. Name two conditions defiance theory would examine to explain the difference.
Any two: perceived unfairness or disrespect, weak bonds to the community or sanctioning authority, or viewing the punishment as stigmatizing while rejecting its shame