Lab 1
what is the normal lab value for RBC
male: 4.6-6.2 x 106 cells/mm3
female: 4.2-5.2 x 106 cells/mm3
What is the normal lab value for Hemoglobin? why is this value important? what does an increase and decrease indicate?
male: 14-18 g/dl
female: 12-16 g/dl
a direct measure of oxygen capacity of the blood
decrease: suggests anemia
increase: suggests hemoconcentration, polycythemia
What are the normal lab values for hematocrit? Why is this value important? what does an increase or decrease indicate?
male: 39-49%
female: 35-45%
it is the percentage of blood that is composed of erythrocytes
low- in anemics or after acute heavy bleeding (period)
high- pt has thick and sluggish blood
male: 80-96
female: 82-98
large: macrocytic: due to B-12 or folate deficency
small: microcytic: due to iron deficiency
increased: caused by elevated reticulocytes
what is the normal lab value for platelets? what does a low platelet count indicate?
140,000-440,000/uL
low: r/f bleeding
3.4-10 x 103 cells/mm3
actual count of leukocytes in a volume of blood
can help to confirm a DX
What does an increase and decrease in WBC count indicate?
increase: occur during infections and physiologic stress
decrease: marrow suppression and chemotherapy
What is the normal value for Neutrophils and what does an increase indicate?
45-73%
increase: mostly due to bacterial infection
What is the normal eosinophil values and what does an increase indicate?
0-4%
increase: due to parasitic infection and hypersensitivity reaction
what is the normal lab value for basophils. What does an increase indicate?
normal: 0-1%
play a role in delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions
seen in chronic inflammation and leukemia
what is the normal lab value of Lymphocytes? What does an increase and decrease indicate?
20-40%
increase: occurs in mono, TB, syphilis and viral infections
decrease: HIV, radiation, steroids
2-8%
increase: during recovery from bacterial infection, leukemia
what is the normal lab value for sodium (Na) and why is this important
136-145 mEq/L
major contributory to cell osmolality and in control of water balance
Lab value that indicate Hypernatremia and causes? when is hypernatremia seen? S&S
causes: sodium overload or volume depletion
seen in: impaired thirst, inability to replace insensible losses, renal or GI loss
S&S: thirst, restlessness, irritability, lethargy, muscle twitching, seizures, hyperflexia, coma, death
what is the lab value for hyponatremia and causes?
136 or less
true depletion or dilutional
When does hyponatremia occur? S&S?
occurs: CHF, diarrhea, sweating, thiazides
S&S: abnormal sensorium, hypothermia, seizures, agitation, anorexia, apathy, disorientation, lethargy, muscle cramps, nausea
what is the normal lab value for potassium (K). why is K important?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
regulates renal function
what lab value indicate hypokalemia? causes? S&S?
less than 3.5 mEq/L
causes: decreased intake, increased output, increased renal output
S&S: cardio; hypotension, long PR, arrhythmias, ST depression
metabolic: decreased insulin release
neuromuscular: cramps, weakness
what lab value indicates hyperkalemia? causes? S&S?
greater than 5.0 - medical emergency over 6
causes: renal failure, NSAIDS, Heparin, K sparing diuretics
S&S: arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness
Normal lab value for chloride (CI)? Why is chloride important? What does and increase or decrease indicate?
96-106 mEq/L
chloride follows sodium and water- increases and decreases in proportion to sodium (dehydration, fluid overload)
increase: metabolic or respiratory acidocis
decrease: metabolic alkalosis
What is acquired immunity?
Protection gained after birth.
What is the normal lab value for glucose?
70-100
S&S of hyperglycemia?
S&S of hypoglycemia
sweating, hunger, anxiety, blurred vision, weakness, headache, altered mental stautu
What is the normal lab value for BUN (blood urea nitrogen? What does this lab value indicate?
8-20 mg/dl
assess or monitor renal function
What does an increase or decrease in BUN indicate?
increase: acute renal failure, analgesic abuse
decrease: malnutrition, liver disease, fluid overload
What is the normal lab value for serum creatine? (remains constant in patients with normal kidney function)
What does and increase indicate?
0.7-1.5 mg/dl
worsening renal function
What is the normal lab value for serum calcium?
8.5-10.8 mg/dl
Causes of hypocalcemia? S&S? What an hypocalcemia lead to?
less than 8.5 mg/dl
causes: low serum proteins, decreased intake, calcitonin, steroids, loop diuretics, hypothyroidism, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, pancreatitis
S&S: (early- finger numbness, tingling, burning of extremities) can lead to MI, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension
What is the normal lab value for albumin and protein? S&S?
protein: 5.5-9.0 g/dl
albumin: 3-5 g/dl
S&S: peripheral edema, ascites, periorbital edema, pulmonary edema
What are causes of hypercalcemia?
S&S?
causes: malignancy or hyperthyroidism, excessive IV Ca salts, chronic immoblization, Pagets disease, sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism
S&S: nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, anorexia, lethargy
What is the normal lab value for magnesium?
1.5-2.2 mEq/L
Causes of hypomagnesemia? S&S?
causes: excessive loss from GI (nausea or vomiting) or kidneys (diuretics), alcoholism
S&S:weakness, tremor, tetany, personality changes, cardiac arrhythmias
What are the causes of hypermagnesemia? S&S?
causes: increased intake, hapatitis, Addisons disease
S&S: 2-5 mEq- bradycardia, flushing, sweating, N/V
10-15 mEq- flaccid paralysis, EKG changes
over 15- respiratory distress and asystole
What can cause cloudy urine? What causes foamy?
cloudy: uric acid, phosphates. RBC and WBC in the urine
foamy: protein or bile acids in urine
What medications can change the color of urine?
red-orange: pyridium, rifampin, senna, phenothiazines
blue-green: azo dyes, Elavil, methylene blue
brown or black: iron salts, sulfonamides
What is the normal lab value for PH on an ABG?
7.35-7.45
a deviation to far in either direction results in death
What are common respiratory viruses that require contact and droplet precautions?
MRSA (respiratory - droplet, wound - contact), RSV (respiratory), rhino/enterovirus (nasal/intestinal, adenovirus (respiratory)
What common respiratory virus require droplet precautions?
influenza, pertussis, mycoplasma
What labs are included in a CMP?
albumin, BUN, Calcium, Bicarb, Chloride, Creatine, Glucose, Potassium, total bilirubin, Liver Enzymes
What is included in a CBC?
WBC, Hgb, Platelets, HCT
What is included in an LFT?
Ca, Protein, Albumin, AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphate, total bilirubin
What is Innate immunity?
The natural or native immunity present at birth
What is Passive Immunity?
Introduction of preformed antibodies; artificial route or natural route such as breastfeeding.
What is Active Immunity?
Develops after the introduction of a foreign antigen resulting in the formation of antibodies.