Upper GI
A complex reflex mechanism by which food is pushed from the oral cavity into the esophagus and then pushed to the stomach. It is divided into three phases: oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastroesophageal
What is Deglutition
The disorder known as the non-union of the pancreatic ducts in utero and "may" be associated with recurrent pancreatitis
What is Pancreas Divisum
failure of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds to join and fuse the duct system into one
The level of bilirubin needed to become visibly jaundiced
What is 2.5-3
The classic definition of jaundice is a serum bilirubin level greater than 2.5 to 3 mg per dL (42.8 to 51.3 μper L) in conjunction with a clinical picture of yellow skin and sclera
The only DNA virus that is known to cause hepatitis
What is Hepatitis B
a member of the hepadnavirus group, double-stranded DNA viruses which replicate, unusually, by reverse transcription
Presents with thousands of polyps in the colon and nearly 100% risk of colon cancer, name the gene
What is the APCgene (adenomatous polyposis coli)
FAP is the condition
Autosomal Dominant
Presents with a Dilated Esophagus and a "Bird-beak" appearance of the GE junction on Upper GI series
What is Achalasia
This type of pancreatitis is associated with calcification of the pancreas on plain imaging (Xray)
What is chronic alcoholic pancreatitis
This type of hepatitis can be contracted by handling swine
What is Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E gets better within a few months. Usually it doesn't lead to long-term illness or liver damage but hepatitis E can be dangerous for pregnant women or anyone with weak immune systems, including the elderly or people who are ill
These three classifications of parasitic worms (helminths) can infect the human GI tract
What are Flatworms, Roundworms and Tapeworms
Ex:
Flatworms: Flukes/Trematodes
Roundworms: Nematodes
Tapeworms: Cestodes
A co-dominant genetic disorder that results in the failure to fold this protein correctly may lead to lung and liver damage
What is Alpha 1 Antitrypsin
SERPINA1 gene, called M, produces normal levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin. Most people have two copies of the M allele (MM). S allele produces moderately low levels of this protein, and the Z allele produces very little alpha-1 antitrypsin. Two copies of the Z allele (ZZ) in each cell have a high risk of developing lung disease (such as emphysema) and liver disease
These six foods have been linked to Eosinophilic Esophagitis (SFED)
What are milk products, eggs, wheat, soy, peanut/tree nuts, and fish/shellfish
What is Enterokinase
This type of infectious parasite can lead to "anchovy paste" liver abscesses and charcot-leyden crystals in the walls of the intestine
What is Entameoba histolytica
90% of patients with E histolytica are asymptomatic. Common manifestations of E histolytica include colitis and a liver abscess on imaging. Liver abscess present as right upper quadrant pain and fever, with worsening features associated with abscess rupture
Caused by Chagas Disease, endemic to Texas, Central and South America
What is Achalasia
Autosomal recessive gene defect responsible for Wilsons disease
What is the ATP7B gene
Wilson disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called copper-transporting ATPase 2, which plays a role in the transport of copper from the liver to other parts of the body
A disorder marked by anemia caused by iron deficiency, and a web-like growth of membranes in the throat that makes swallowing difficult
What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Having this disorder may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Also called Paterson-Kelly syndrome
Name the two pancreatic ducts
What are Wirsung (main duct) and Santorini (accessory duct)
Johann Wirsung was a German anatomist remembered for the discovery of the pancreatic duct ("duct of Wirsung") during the dissection of a man who had been recently hanged for murder.
Wirsung was murdered in 1643, reportedly the result of an argument as to who was the discoverer of the pancreatic duct
The term used to describe liver injury from a drug, in a non-dose-dependent fashion and develops independently of drug dose, or route or duration, of administration
What is Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
Idiosyncratic reactions are not caused by the drug itself, since almost everyone can tolerate them, but by characteristics unique to the patient who ingests them and gets a toxic reaction
The Enterovirus belonging to the Picornavirus family that can cause a variety of diseases, including gastrointestinal illness, myocarditis, pneumonia, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hepatitis. Its cousin causes Hand-Foot and Mouth disease
What is Coxsackie B virus
Belongs to the same family of virus that causes Hepatitis A (picornavirus)
What is Porphyria
Acute porhyrias affect the nervous system, can demyelinate and cause chronic abdominal pain. A simple urine test can find these disorders
Proximal or 'downhill' esophageal varices are a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with obstruction of this anatomical structure
What is the Superior Vena Cava
Unlike the much more common distal esophageal varices, which are most commonly a result of portal hypertension, downhill esophageal varices result from vascular obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC)
Failure to regulate the concentration of this cation in the pancreatic acinar cell may lead to premature activation of Trypsinogen within the pancreas and cause pancreatitis, often the result of alcohol ingestion
What is Calcium
This condition leading to portal hypertension and possible liver failure has been linked to consuming Jamaican bush tea (pyrrolizidine alkaloid consumption) and stem cell transplants
What is Veno Occlusive Disease (VOD)
After SCT the high dose cytoreductive therapy used in patients who have a particular susceptibility, produces endothelial injury in sinusoids and small hepatic venules leading to activation of the coagulation cascade and clot formation. Fibrin plugs, intracellular fluid entrapment and cellular debris progressively occlude sinusoids, causing intrahepatic post sinusoidal portal hypertension
The oral rehydration protocol, initially formulated to treat Cholera outbreaks in India later became this well-known product
What are
PRSS1 (Serine Protease 1 / cationic trypsinogen gene mutation) MOST COMMON
CFTR variant mutation
SPINK1 mutation (serum protein kinase inhibitor)