Judicial Review & Federal Power
This landmark case established the principle of judicial review, giving the courts the authority to strike down unconstitutional laws.
What is Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
This 1896 case established the "separate but equal" doctrine, which justified racial segregation until it was overturned in 1954.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
This 1988 case limited student press freedoms, allowing school officials to censor school-sponsored student publications.
What is Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)?
This 1972 decision allowed Amish students to be exempt from compulsory schooling based on their religious beliefs.
What is Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)?
This 1962 case established the "one person, one vote" principle, requiring state legislative districts to have roughly equal populations.
What is Baker v. Carr (1962)?
In this case, the Court affirmed that the federal government holds supremacy over states, and that Congress has implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.
What is McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
This 1954 decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
In this 1971 case, the Court ruled that the government could not prevent the publication of classified documents, protecting press freedom under the First Amendment.
What is New York Times v. United States (1971)?
This 1973 case legalized abortion nationwide, recognizing a woman's constitutional right to privacy.
What is Roe v. Wade (1973)?
This 1978 case upheld affirmative action but ruled that racial quotas in university admissions were unconstitutional.
What is Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?
This case ruled that no one, not even the president, is above the law, reinforcing the principle of checks and balances.
What is United States v. Nixon (1974)?
This 1857 case ruled that African Americans were not U.S. citizens, a decision later overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments.
What is Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)?
This 1969 decision affirmed that students do not lose their First Amendment rights to free speech at school unless it disrupts the educational environment.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)?
This 1966 decision established the Miranda rights, requiring police to inform suspects of their rights upon arrest.
What is Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
This 2000 case decided the outcome of the presidential election, with a ruling on the equal protection of votes in Florida.
What is Bush v. Gore (2000)?
This 1995 decision limited the scope of federal power under the Commerce Clause, ruling that Congress cannot regulate activities that do not directly affect interstate commerce.
What is U.S. v. Lopez (1995)?
Shaw v. Reno (1993) case in 1993 determined that states can't solely reapportion districts based on this.
What is race?
This 1962 case ruled that prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
What is Engel v. Vitale (1962)?
In this 1963 case, the Court ruled that criminal defendants have the right to legal counsel, even if they cannot afford one.
What is Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)?
This 2008 case affirmed that the individual right to own firearms applies to individuals, not just militias, under the Second Amendment.
What is District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)?
McCulloch v. Maryland case dealt with whether a state could tax a this institution.
What is the Bank of the United States?
This case in 1993 determined that racial gerrymandering violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
What is Shaw v. Reno (1993)?
This case set the "clear and present danger" test for determining when speech can be restricted under the First Amendment.
What is Schenck v. U.S. (1919)?
This 1961 case applied the exclusionary rule to state courts, barring the use of illegally obtained evidence.
What is Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
This 2010 decision incorporated the Second Amendment to apply to state and local governments, ensuring individuals' right to own firearms.
What is McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?