Schools
School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Students are entitled to certain due process rights.
Goss v. Lopez (1975)
Established the doctrine of judicial review, the Supreme Court can redirect Congress and the President.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
The President is not above the law.
U.S. v. Nixon (1974)
Separate schools are not equal.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school.
Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser (1987)
Certain school voucher programs are constitutional.
Zelma v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Stop and frisks do not violate the Constitution under certain circumstances.
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before age 18.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
Students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
Students may not use a school's loudspeaker system to offer student-led, student-initiated prayer.
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Affirmative Action violated the "equal protection of the laws" in the 14th Amendment.
University of California v. Bakke (1978)
It justified racial segregation.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Administrators may edit the content of school newspapers.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Colleges and universities have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity.
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by the First Amendment.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse door.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Board of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (2002)
States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts.
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
The FBI cannot use “bugs” outside the telephone booth Katz used regularly.
Katz v. United States (1967)
In order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)